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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cerebellum |
Balance and movement coordination. |
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medulla oblongata |
breathing, heart rate, blood pressure (reptilian brain). |
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Pons |
Controls info flow from cerebellum to higher brain regions. |
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Thalamus |
relay station between lower and higher brain regions (with some processing). |
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hypothalamus |
part of the brain that produces endocrine signals, it can regulate temperature and other bodily functions, like sleep, hunger, circadian rythem. |
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pineal |
is a gland in the brain that produces endocrine signals, it can produce melatonin, it also regulates reproductive hormones. |
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hippocampus |
spacial awareness and memory |
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amygdala |
social recognition and emotions.es |
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sensory cortices |
the part of the brain that deals with processing and interpreting sensory information from different parts of the body. |
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motor cortices |
have to do with processing and controlling body movement. |
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association cortices |
Is a part of the brain that deals with mental functions that are more complex. |
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primary somatosensory cortex |
This part of the brain controls the sense of touch of different areas of the body. |
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primary motor cortex |
The part of the brain that controls body movement. |
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sensation |
gathering of the environmental stimulus |
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perception |
is the brains alterations of the senses to project a certain understanding of the environment (or interpretation of the senses). |
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Which sensory receptor cells are neurons? Which ones aren't? |
* photoreceptors are specialized neurons * cochlear hair cells are neurons * taste receptor cells are NOT neurons * olfactory receptors are neurons |
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nociception |
the sense of pain. |
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proprioception |
the sense spatial location (knowing where you are relative to neighboring body parts and objects). |
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perceptual threshold |
the point at which we can perceive the external stimuli. It is context dependent, the brain uses the surroundings to contrast against the thing we are sensing. |
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receptor cells |
cells that react to a certain stimulus or molecule of the external environment (photoreceptors, cochlear hair cells, olfactory receptors and taste receptor cells, essentially the sensor of any sensory system). |
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cellular receptors |
are transmembrane receptors that propagate or activate a signalling pathway. |
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Primary receptive field |
is where the stimulus makes contact with the primary sensory neurons. |
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Secondary receptive field |
where the primary sensory neurons come together to a point and then the information travels to the brain via the spinal chord. |
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phasic receptor |
when a receptor adapts rapidly to a stimulus, the response of the cell diminishes and eventually stops. So a graph would have a small bump but then nothing. |
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Tonic receptor |
when a receptor reacts slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus. Some tonic receptors are permanently active and indicate a background level. It would look like a bump that doesn't go back to the level line for a while. |
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proprioception |
is the sense of spatial location, knowing where you are relative to everything else in your environment/surroundings. |
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tapetum lucidum |
is a layer of tissue within the eyes of certain mammals that is used to enhance nocturnal vision by refracting light. This gives some species of mammals the glowing eyes when exposed to concentrated light in the dark (taking a picture of a cat or racoon). Humans do not have this, we gave it up for better color vision. |
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Interaural time differences |
The time it takes to reach one ear and then the ear on the other side of the head. From the time difference you can determine the location of the sound. |
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Pinna |
funnels sound pressure waves into EAM |
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External auditory eatus |
opening through which sound waves enter the ear canal? |
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ear canal |
facilitates sounds wave transport, and amplification. It conducts and amplifies sound to the tympanic membrane. |
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tympanic membrane |
this is the ear drum, it oscillates in accordance to sound pressure waves. |
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tragus |
aids in funneling sounds from behind. |
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Perilymph location and tid bits |
is found in the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani and like the extracellular fluid is made of high concentrations of Na. |
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Endolymph location and tid bits |
is found in the scala media or cochlear duct and is like intracellular fluid and is made up of a high concentration of K. |
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When do sterocilia move? |
Stereocilia move when fluid waves come through the scala media, moving the tectorial membrane and causing shearing forces that move the kinocilium when is attached to the tectorial membrane. The kinocilium then moves the stereocilia because they are all attached by tip links. |
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tip links |
the links between stereocilia (and kinocilium) that make them all move together and open up ion channels. |
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How do the different taste receptor cells work? |
* salt is transduced by Na channel * acids by acid sensing ion channels *sugars and umami through GPCRs *bitter through GPCRs also but a lot more because bitter things can be toxic. |
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Dysgeusia |
a distortion of a person's sense of taste (ageusia meaning no sense of taaste and hypereusia meaning very sensitive to taste). |
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xerostomia |
is called dry mouth and is when the mouth does not produce saliva. Since saliva is necessary for chemical transmission to the taste buds, this can cause dysgeusia. |
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cornia |
provides 70% of focusing power, provides protection and a touch reflex. |
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OFF bipolar cells |
hyperpolarize when glutamate stops |
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On bipolar cells |
depolarize when glutamate stops. |
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bipolar cells |
have graded responses and synapse with ganglion cells using excitatory synapses. |