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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an extrusive igneous rock? Where is it found? |
It is a rock made from cooled and solidified lava (external molten material) |
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What is an intrustive igneous rock? Where is it found? |
It is a rock made from cooled and solidified magma (internal molten material) |
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What size are intrusive igneous rock fragments? |
They are very large |
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Which igneous rock cools slower? |
Intrusive |
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Which igneous rock cools faster? |
Extrusive |
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What is a volcanic neck? |
It is igneous intrusive rock, left over from remnants of volcanoes |
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What are sedimentary rocks? |
They are rocks which are made from accumulated, compacted sediments |
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What is the finest sediment? |
Clay |
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What is the coarsest sediment? |
Gravel |
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What does the term strata mean? |
layers It is the particle composition of clay |
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What is limestone rock? |
CaCO3, an organic sedimentary rock from dead sea creatures ex: cliffs of dover |
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What are metamorphic rocks? |
These are rocks that have been changed from heat or pressure |
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What causes dynamic metamorphism? |
pressure |
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What causes thermo metamorphism? |
heat |
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What does the term 'schist' mean? |
Fine folds in metamorphic rock |
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What does the term 'gneiss' mean? |
coarse folds in metamorphic rock |
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What is the climatic factor of soil farming? |
Soils are more weathered and leached in warm moist climates |
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What is the topographic factor of soil farming? |
Soils are more thin on steep slopes, while also being deeper in valley bottoms, due to erosion |
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What is the biological factor of soil farming? |
Soil has living and nonliving components |
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What is pedoturbation? |
It is the mixing of soil by burrowing animals |
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Which organisms mix soils? |
Burrowing organisms; worms and prarie dogs |
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What is bioturbation? |
It is the mixing of soil by burrowing organisms |
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What is humus? |
It is dark, decomposed organic material (full of nutrients) |
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What is litter? |
Dead plant parts |
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What is the chronological factor of soil farming? |
Old soils are heavily leached and weathered. Young soils are made of unweathered parent material |
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Why is clay important for fertile soil? |
The anions (negatively charged) of clay attract the cations (positively charged) from soil nutrients |
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What are intersticies? |
They are spaces inbetween soil particles |
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What is the field capacity? |
the maximum amont of moisture available to plants within a soil |
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What is the wilting point? |
the point where soil moisture is not delivering the nutritional needs of the plant |
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What is leaching? |
the process where nutrients falls into deeper layers, causing the nearest layers to be less fertile |
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What is eluviation? |
It is when nutrients are carried away from upper soil layers |
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What is illuviation? |
It is when nutirents are carried into deeper soil layers |
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What property of our atmosphere is found the most in soil? |
CO2 |
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What do red and yellow soils indicate? Where are they found? |
They indicate oxidized soils, found in dry climates |
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What do dark brown or blacki soils indicate? |
They indicate a high humus content (best soils!) |
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What do white soils indicate? |
High salt content |
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What do blue or gray soils indicate? |
water-logged features, or anerobic bacteria growth (bacteria that thrives in low oxygen environments) |
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What is loam? |
It is soil that is an even mixture of particle sizes |
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What are peds? |
clumps of soil particles platy, spheriodial, prismatic |
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What pH levels indicate infertile soil? |
Excess akalinity or acidity neutral pH is most commonly associated with fertile soils |
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What is the O Horizon level of soil? |
An organic layer made of litter and humus |
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What is the A Horizon level of soil? |
Top soil. It's the most fertile and productive layer where seeds germinate |
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What is the E Horizon of soil? |
(Elluvial layer) It contains poor nutrients due to leaching to lower layers. |
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What is the B Horizon of soil? |
(Sub soil) This layer is rich in nutrients due to illuviation from E Horizon |
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What is a Solum? |
It is the components of true soil (the collection of O, A, E, and B Horizons) |
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What is the C Horizon? |
A layer of regolith (Broken rock fragments) |
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What is the R Horizon? |
A layer of bed rock (a solid mass of rock) |
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What are pedogenic regimes? |
They are environmental conditions that produce particular soil types |
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What is Laterization? |
Environmental conditions that support heavy leaching, mainly found in rainforests |
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Which pedogenic regime has heavy leaching and weathering? |
Laterization |
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Which pedogenic regime mainly has red soils? |
Laterization, due to the heavy leaching |
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What is Podzolization? |
an Environmental condition where the soils are acidic due to needle-leaf litter
Slow leaching occurs |
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Where does Podzolization typically occur? |
It occurs in boreal forests in subarctic climates |
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What is Gleization? |
It is an environmental condition that occurs in water-logged areas |
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What is the decomposition and bacteria growth like in areas with gleization regimes? |
Decomposition is slow and lots of bacteria growth |
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What is Calcification? |
conditions that promote soil fertility due to excessive of amounts of calcium(limestone), mainly found in arid or semi arid climates
(requires irrigation) |
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What is Salinization? |
conditions that are very salt heavy. soils are extremely unproductive |
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What are Entisols? |
They are the youngest layers of soil, least weathered and leached |
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What are Gelisols? |
They are soils found in cold climates |
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What are Histosols? |
They are saturated organic soils |
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What are Aridsols? |
They are desert soils |
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What are Vertisols? |
They are soils with inverted profile (EX: Clay with deep vertical cracks) |
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What are Molisols? |
They are most fertile soils, found in mid latitude grasslands (BEST!) |
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What are Alfisols? |
They are the second most productive soil type slightly more weathered and leached than molisols |
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What are Oxisols? |
They are soils in tropical rainforests which demand slash and burn techniques |
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What are Ultisols? |
They are most weathed and leached soils in mid-latitudes found in humid subtropical climates |
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What are Spodosols? |
They are soils in Boreal forests in sub-arctic climates Affected by Podzolization, soils are acidic due to leaf litter |
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What is Demography? |
The study of population |
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What are the 3 biggest population clusters in the world? |
South Asia -India=1.266billion East Asia -China= 1.373billion & Europe=700million |
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What are birthrates? |
They are the average number of births per 1,000 people per year |
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What is the total fertility rate? |
It is the average number of babies per woman |
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What are death rates? |
Average number of deaths per 1,000 people per year |
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What is urban planning? |
It is the process that local govs use to determine the intensity and distribution of land uses |
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What is the planning commision? |
group of 5-7 non-paid members that decide the plan for the city for the next 10-20 years |
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What are general plans? |
They are long ranged plans for the future 10-15 years |
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What are the 7 mandatory elements for urban planning? |
Land use Circulation Housing Conservation Open Space Noise Element Safety Element |
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What does the land use element entail? |
The proposed distributiopn and array of land uses |
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What does the circulation element entail? |
The proposed distribution of roads and utilities |
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What does the housing element entail? |
It is an analysis of housing needs within the city (req for low income housing) |
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What does the conservation element entail? |
It identifies resources (ex: groundwater) |
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What does the open space element entail? |
It sets aside land for parks or greenbelts |
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What does the noise element entail? |
It identifies and reduces noise hazards |
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What does the safety element entail? |
It identifies hazards; fires, earthquakes, or floods |
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What does the zoning ordinance or development code accomplish? |
It implements the general plan |
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What are conditional use permits? |
They allow planning commissions to look at land uses on a case by case basis ie: placing stripclubs and schools in different areas of the city for logical reasons |
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What is a Variance? |
It is a relief of zoning standards |
