Final Exam

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Human Traces

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Systematic, careful observation based on written rules

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Qualities of observing behavior

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Empathetic

Direct

Variably Reactive

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Limitations of behavior coding

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Possible low internal validity

Possible low external validity

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Case study research

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AN IN DEPTH STUDY OF ONE OR A FEW ILLUSTRATIVE CASES

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CASE STUDY CASES COULD INCLUDE:

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INDIVIDUALS

GROUPS

ORGANIZATIONS

MOVEMENTS

EVENTS

GEOGRAPHIC UNITS

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ARE MOST CASE STUDIES QUAL OR QUANT?

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MOSTLY QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES

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CASE STUDIES ALSO...

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-REQUIRES MULTIPLE METHODS AND/OR SOURCES OF DATA

-OFTEN CONDUCTED FOR POST-FACTO (AFTER THE EVENT) STUDIES

-CAN HAVE A SPECIFIC FOCUS OR APPROACH A BROAD VIEW OF LIFE

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WHERE ARE MOST CASE STUDIES PRACTICED?

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-MEDICINE

-PSYCHOLOGY

-BUSINESS

-INFORMATION SYSTEMS

-LAW

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STRENGTHS OF CASE STUDIES

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-CLARIFIES OUR THINKING

-ALLOWS US TO LINK ABSTRACT IDEAS WITH CONCRETE SPECIFICS OF CASES

-LIKELY TO PRODUCE THE BEST THEORY

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WHICH SHOULD COME FIRST, RESEARCH OR THEORY?

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SOME ARGUE THEORY FIRST- CAN ASSIST IN SELECTION OF CASES AND HELPS RESEARCHERS SPECIFY WHAT IS BEING EXPLORED

OTHERS ARGUE RESEARCH FIRST-GENERATES THEORYALLOWS ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS TO ARISE

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LIMITATIONS OF CASE STUDIES

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-CAN’T GENERALIZE THE RESULTS TO THE WIDER POPULATION

-RESEARCHER’S OWN SUBJECTIVE FEELING MAY INFLUENCE THE CASE STUDY (RESEARCHER BIAS)DIFFICULT TO REPLICATE

-TIME CONSUMING

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CASE STUDIES: INTRINSIC

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-TO BETTER UNDERSTAND A PARTICULAR CASE

-THIS CASE IS DIFFERENT THAN OTHERS!

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CASE STUDIES: INSTRUMENTAL

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-TO PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO AN ISSUE

-THIS CASE IS SIMILAR TO OTHERS!

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CASE STUDIES: COLLECTIVE

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INVOLVES NUMEROUS CASE STUDIES

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WHAT IS APPLIED RESEARCH?

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OFFERS PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO CONCRETE PROBLEM OR ADDRESSES THE IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF PRACTITIONERS

-AUDIENCE IS PRACTITIONERS

-TEAM APPROACH THAT INCLUDES RESEARCHER AND PRACTITIONERS

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WHAT IS BASIC RESEARCH?

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ADVANCES FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE

-SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY IS THE PRIMARY AUDIENCE

-MAY LACK PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN THE SHORT TERM

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STAKEHOLDERS WHO MAY PARTICIPATE IN APPLIED RESEARCHER:

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-POLICY MAKERS AND DECISION MAKERS

-PROGRAM SPONSORS

-TARGET PARTICIPANTS

-PROGRAM MANAGERS/STAFF

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APPLIED RESEARCH: LOOKING PHASE

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CREATES A PICTURE OF WHAT'S GOING ON

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APPLIED RESEARCH: THINKING PHASE

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INTERPRETING

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APPLIED RESEARCH: ACTION PHASE

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USE FINDINGS TO MAKE CHANGES

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APPLIED RESEARCH: PROCESS

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1. IDENTIFY THE RESEARCH QUESTION

2. GATHER DATA

3. ANALYZE/INTERPRET DATA

4. SHARE RESULTS WITH STAKEHOLDERS

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3 TYPES OF APPLIED RESEARCH ARE?

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EVALUATION, ACTION, AND SOCIAL IMPACT

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WHAT IS EVALUATION RESEARCH?

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DETERMINES HOW WELL A PROGRAM OR POLICY IS WORKING

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WHAT ARE THE 4 TOOLS OF THE EVALUATION HIERARCHY?

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-FORMATIVE EVALUATION: BUILT IN MONITORING

-SUMMATIVE EVALUATION: REVIEWS THE FINAL PROGRAM OUTCOMES

-NEEDS ASSESSMENT: COLLECTING DATA TO DETERMINE MAJOR SOCIAL NEEDS AND THEIR SEVERITY

-COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS: ESTIMATION OF THE FUTURE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A PROPOSAL ACTION AND ASSIGNING MONETARY VALUES

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WHAT IS ACTION RESEARCH?

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FACILITATES SOCIAL CHANGE OR RAISES AWARENESS TO THE PUBLIC

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WHAT IS SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT?

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DOCUMENTS THE LIKELY CONSEQUENCES FOR VARIOUS AREAS OF SOCIAL LIFE IN A MAJOR NEW CHANGE IS INTRODUCED INTO A COMMUNITY

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ANOTHER APPLIED RESEARCH TOOL: PHOTO VOICE. WHAT IS IT?

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PHOTO VOICE GIVES SUBJECTS A CAMERA AND ASK THEM TO DOCUMENT CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THEIR LIVES:

-TO EMPOWER PEOPLE TO REFLECT ON THEIR PERSONAL OR COMMUNITY CONCERNS

-TO ENCOURAGE DIALOGUE

-TO ACCESS THE PERCEPTION OF THOSE NOT IN CONTROL AND SHARE IT WITH THOSE WHO ARE IN CONTROL

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BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES APPROACH

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FOCUSES ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH OBJECTIVES/GOALS OF A PROGRAM HAVE BEEN MET

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FOUR LEVEL MODEL

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1. HOW WAS THE TRAINING? - REACTIONS

2. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? - LEARNING

3. WHAT ARE YOU USING IN PRACTICE? - BEHAVIOR

4. HOW DOES THE PERFORMANCE BENEFIT? - RESULTS

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RESPONSIVE EVALUATION

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CALLS OF EVALUATORS TO BE RESPONSIVE TO THE PERSPECTIVES OF VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS

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GOAL-FREE EVALUATION

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FOCUSES ON ACTUAL OUTCOMES OF A PROGRAM AS OPPOSED TO INTENDED OUTCOMES

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CONSUMER-ORIENTED APPROACHES

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EMPHASIS IS TO HELP CONSUMERS CHOOSE AMONG COMPETING PROGRAMS OR PRODUCTS

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EXPERTISE/ACCREDITATION APPROACHES

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-EXPERT OPINION TO DETERMINE QUALITY OF PROGRAMS

-PURPOSE = PROVIDE PROF. JUDGEMENT OF QUALITY

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WHAT IS MIXED METHODS?

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-USING BOTH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DATA IN A SINGLE STUDY OR SERIES OF STUDIES

-USE OF QUAN AND QUAL DATA PROVIDES A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS THAN EITHER APPROACH ALONE

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HOW DO WE MIX THE DATA? (SINGLE STUDIES)

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-MERGE IT: QUALITATIVE RESULTS + QUANTITATIVE RESULTS = MERGED RESULTS

-CONNECT IT: QUAL DATA + QUANT DATA + RESULTS OR QUANT + QUAL + RESULTS (BUILDING ON EACH OTHER)

-EMBED IT: QUANT DATA PLAYS MAIN ROLE + QUAL DATA PLAYS MINOR ROLE = RESULTS (OR OTHER WAY AROUND)

EX: HUGE SURVEY (QUANT) + 2 INTERVIEWS (QUAL) = RESULTS

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HOW DO WE MIX THE DATA? (MULTIPLE STUDIES)

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STUDY 1:QUANT + REPORTED RESULTS

STUDY 2: QUAL + REPORTED RESULTS

STUDY 3: QUANT + REPORTED RESULTS

STUDY 4: QUAL + REPORTED RESULTS

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WHAT IS THE VALUE OF MIXED METHODS RESEARCH?

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-OFFSETS THE WEAKNESSES OF QUAN AND QUAL RESEARCH

-PROVIDES MORE COMPREHENSIVE EVIDENCE

-“PRACTICAL” IN THE SENSE THAT THE RESEARCHER IS FREE TO USE ALL METHODS POSSIBLE TO ADDRESS A RESEARCH PROBLEM

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MIXED METHODS DESIGNS

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-TRIANGULATION

-EMBEDDED

-EXPLANATORY

-EXPLORATORY

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TRIANGUALTION

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ONE PHASE - QUAL AND QUANT ARE EQUAL PARTS OF RESEARCH

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EMBEDDED

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ONE PHASE- ONE DATA SET PROVIDES SUPPORTIVE, SECONDARY ROLE IN A STUDY BASED PRIMARILY ON THE OTHER DATA TYPE

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EXPLANATORY

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TWO PHASES - RESULT OF FIRST PHASE (QUANT) AND EXPLAINED BY SECOND PHASE (QUAL)

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EXPLORATORY

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TWO PHASES - RESULTS OF FIRST PHASE (QUAL) HELP DEVELOP SECOND PHASE (QUAN)

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Delara

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Bus- Mixed methods survey + interviews

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Swenzney and Thorp

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School shooting- CASE STUDY

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Johnson Bailey

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Cathy- Narrative analysis

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Nathan

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College Freshman-FIELD METHODS

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Petijohn and Geschke

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tanning habits- Niave assumption model survey

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Bogle

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Hook up behaviors- QUALITATIVE

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Gute

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Hooking up- QUANTITATIVE

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Markmen

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Marriage counseling- APPLIED RESEARCH

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austin

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seat belts- LAB OBSERVATION

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OSTERLING

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AUTISM- BEHAVIOR CODING

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MELANDER

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CYBER HARASSMENT

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LOZANO

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WITCHES- ETHNOGRAPHY

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BRUMBERG

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JOURNALS- HC

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ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

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-BENEFICIENCE

-AUTONOMY

-JUSTICE

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THEORY DEVELOPMENT NORM

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FUSING QUAL DATA W/ THEORY SO OUR THEORY CANT BE WRONG... RESEARCHER IS MUCH MORE INVOLVED SO THEY UNDERSTAND AND REFINE THEORY

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HYPOTHESIS TESTING NORM

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RESEARCHER IS MORE DETACHED AND THE HYPOTHESIS AND DATA ARE SEPARATED...MEASURES OBJECTIVE FACTS

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PEER REVIEW PROCESS NORM

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-ORGANIZED SKEPTISISM

-UNIVERSALISM

-COMMUNALISM

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MIXED METHODS NORM

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QUAL + QUANT

EX: INTERVIEWS + SURVERYS

EX: HC + LAB OBSERVATION