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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
gnotobiotic organism |
germ free - but could have known germs |
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four problems that arise in gnotobiotic animals: |
1. poorly developed lymphoid tissue 2. thin intestinal walls 3. require vitamin supplements 4. more susceptible pathogens |
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microbioata |
"normal" population of bacteria |
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pros and cons of microbiota |
1. compete with pathogens but... 2. are oppurtunistic pathogens |
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two types of immune response |
specific and non-specific |
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"specific" immune cells |
lymphocytes: 1. b-cells 2. t-cells 3. natural killer cells |
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non-specific immune cells |
Mononuclear cells: 1. monocytes-circulate in blood and migrate to tissues 2. macrophages-mature monocytes in tissues |
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granulocytes |
contain chemicals that kill bugs and enhance inflammation response (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) |
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basophil properties |
1. non-phagocytic 2. contain things like histamines and prostaglandins 3. coated with IgE (key component of allergic response) |
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eosinophils |
defense against helminth (worms) - destroy membranes |
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neutrophils |
phagocytic cells which contain lysozyme and peroxidases |
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mast cells |
cells found in connective tissues which contribute to inflammation process and allergy development |
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what aspects of skin make it a non-specific resistor? |
1. it sheds. 2. its acidic 3. its dry |
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What are the skin associated lymphoid cells |
1. keratinocytes - secrete cytokines 2. langerhans cells - phagocytize and present antigens |
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mucous membrane nonspecific resistance |
lysozyme and lactoferrin |
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Respiratory tract resistance (non-specific) |
1. sticky surfcce acts as a filter 2. cilia move bacteria to mouth 3. cough and sneeze expels 4. macrophages in the alveoli |
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Mucosoal associated immunity |
1. M cells take in pathogen and release in a "pocket" which has b-cells, t-cells and macrophages 2. B-cells mature into plasma cells to produce IgA |
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GI tract non-specific resistance |
1. peristalsi 2. acidic stomack (ph=2_ 3. cyrptins-peptides which are toxic to some bacteria |
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Non-specific resiistance of eye |
1. flushing by tears 2. lysozyme 3. lactoferrin |
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Chemical barriers - nonspecific resistance |
1. bacteriocins - bacterial proteins lethal to closely related bacteria 2. anti-microbial peptide (neutrophils, epithelial cells) 3. prostatic antibacterial factor- a prostate secretion |
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First slide of inflammation response (step one, splinter enters skin) |
ONE: 1. Injured tissue releases chemical signal 2. kallikrein cleaved 3. bradykinin relased, which binds to capillaries and mast cells causing vasodialation and histamine release. (basically blood flow is increased, and neutrophils are activated) |
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Second step of inflammatory response. |
TWO: Neutrophils migrate to the area |
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Third step of inflammatory response |
neutrophils (mononuclear non-specific immune cells) destroy bacteria or dead tissue by phagocytosis |
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Complement pathway |
set of proteins found int eh blood which 1. destroy pathogens by forming a membrane attack complex 2. help in phagocytosis by coating pathogen (in C3b - a process known as opsonization) |
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Opsonization |
Microorganisms coated by serum components in prep for phagocytosis |
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two types of complement pathway |
1. classical (specific) C1 2. alternative (non-specific) C3b both lead to activation of C3 convertase enzyme, which creates (C3) which leads to: 1. C3a - inflammation 2. C3b - opsonization - C5-------> cell lysis |
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To methods of phagocytosis |
1. opsonin-dependent (C3b) 2. opsonin - independent |
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Opsonin independent pathway- |
need other recognintion factors (than C3b) PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns) toll-like-receptors required |
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oxygen independent killing by phagocytes relies on: |
Lysozyme, phospholipase, RNAse, DNAse and proteases |
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Oxygen dependent killing by phagocytesrelies on: |
ROS |
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Cytokine |
A general term for proteins released by cells to communicate with other cells (lymphokines from - T-cells) (monokines from Mononuclear phagocytes) |
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Interferons |
Cytokines produced by eukaryotic cells to warn others of impending attack. Triggered by viral, protozoan, or bacterial attacks. |
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Collectins |
proteins which bind to toxic molecules or debris allowing them to be taken up by macrophages |
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Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
cells attack if target cell is tagged with antibodies |