Final Exam

Front 1

asymmetrical federalism

Back 1

A form of federalism in which some subnational units in the federal system have greater or lesser power than others.

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authoritarianism

Back 2

A system of rule in which power depends not on popular legitimacy but on the coercive force of political authorities

Front 3

theocracy

Back 3

A state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law.

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bicameral

Back 4

A legislative body with two houses, such as the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of representatives.

Just as the U.S. constitution divides responsibilities between the branches of the federal government and between the federal and state governments, it divides the legislative responsibilities between the Senate ant the House.

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cabinet government

Back 5

a system of government in which most executive power is held by the cabinet, headed by a prime minister.

Front 6

checks and balances

Back 6

A governmental system of divided authority in which coequal branches can restrain each other's actions.

For example, the U.S. president must sign legislation passed by Congress for it to become law. If the president vetoes a bill, Congress can override that veto by two-thirds vote of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Front 7

civil society

Back 7

all the organizations and spaces within a society which the government does not own. An association of people who come together for a reason.

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clientelism

Back 8

an informal aspect of policy making in which a powerful patron offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services (such as labor or votes) of lower-status and less powerful clients. more simply, the exchange of political support for goods and services.

Front 9

corporatism

Back 9

the socio-political organization of a society by major interest groups or corporate groups (such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labour, military, or scientific affiliations) on the basis of common interests. a corporatist state is a state in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state structure.

Front 10

constitutional monarchy

Back 10

a system of government in which the head of state ascends by heredity but is limited in powers and constrained by the provisions of a constitution

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decentralization

Back 11

policies that aim to transfer some decision-making power from higher to lower levels of government (decentralizing power from the capital)

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democratic centralism

Back 12

a system of political organization developed by V.I. Lenin and practiced, with modifications, by all communist party states. its principles include a hierarchical party structure. it purported to combine two opposing forms of party leadership: democracy, which allows for free and open discussion, and central control, which ensures party unity and discipline.

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dependency theory

Back 13

an alternate process of development where core nations (centers of economic capitol— these can be cities or smaller units than nations) distribute goods out to the world and sustain themselves by keeping relationships with developing and middle-level economy states (periphery and semi-periphery) in order to import raw materials to create their products. The manufactured goods are then sold back to the developing and middle-level economy states. Therefore, people in developing countries cannot develop because they rely on core states for their imports and export income. This is a structural theory, mostly relating to South America, that states the world is derived of a hierarchy and the hierarchy gets replicated.

Front 14

developmental state

Back 14

mixing an approach of free market capitalism with heavy protectionism to save domestic industries from outside forces, while getting involved in a practice of creating things people want to buy. export-led growth with extensive but selective state intervention when managing the economy. Japan was the first of this model— copied by SK, Taiwan, Germany.

Front 15

electoral college

Back 15

a body of political insiders who are elected on election day and meet the following month to formally elect the president

Front 16

federalism

Back 16

a system of governance in which political authority is shared between the national government and regional or state governments

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free market

Back 17

a system in which government regulation of the economy is absent or limited

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Rentier State

Back 18

a country that obtains much of its revenue from the export of oil or other natural resources. When a country has something something like oil, they are taking the money without really doing anything to earn it-- hence the "rent" metaphor. Commonly refers to oil, but a rent may also be natural gas, tourism, political aid, etc.

Front 19

Globalization

Back 19

the intensification of worldwide interconnectedness associated with increased speed and magnitude of cross-border flows of trade, investment and finance, and processes of migration, cultural diffusion, and communication.

Front 20

iron triangles

Back 20

informal policy-making networks of mutual support formed by the legislature, interest groups, and bureaucracy to reinforce each other in various policy areas. interest groups penetrate the bureaucracy and the legislature and make it very difficult for newer interests to gain support of garner sympathy.

Front 21

laissez-faire

Back 21

a term taken from the French, which means, "to let do." In political economy, it refers to the pattern in which state management is limited to such matters as enforcing contracts and protecting property rights, while private market forces are free to operate with only minimal state regulation.

Front 22

Populism

Back 22

Gaining the support of popular sectors. When used in Latin American politics, this support is often achieved by manipulation and demagogic appeals. Populists also provide people things in exchange for political support, but not on an individual basis like patron-client relationships.

Front 23

Legitimacy

Back 23

a state's ability to provide resources; a belief by powerful groups and the broad citizenry that a state exercises rightful authority. In the contemporary world, a state is said to possess legitimacy when it enjoys consent of the governed, which usually involves democratic procedures and the attempt to achieve a satisfactory level of development and equitable distribution of resources.

Front 24

market reform

Back 24

a strategy of economic transformation that involves reducing the role of the state in managing the economy and increasing the role of market forces. moving towards a free market economy

Front 25

oligarchs

Back 25

a small group of powerful, elite, wealthy individuals defining a narrowly based, undemocratic government. typically large business or land owners who control the government (Brazil)

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patrimonial state

Back 26

a system of governance in which the ruler treats the state as personal property (patrimony). uses clientelist relationship but injects patriarchal father-like imagery to rule

Front 27

patron-client networks

Back 27

exchange of money and services in exchange for political support

Front 28

proportional representation (PR)

Back 28

a system of political representation in which seats are allocated to parties within multimember constituencies, roughly in proportion to the votes each party receives. PR usually encourages the election to parliament of more political parties than single-member-district winner-takes-all systems. Basically, you vote for a party and not a person. If party A wins 30% and B wins 70%, then 30% of the people running in A are entered into the race and 70% of the people in B are entered into the race.

Front 29

Velayat-e-fiqh

Back 29

Islamic jurisprudence, saying the clerics are responsible for interpreting Shari’a law. the power is in the interpretation, not in the texts

Front 30

shock therapy

Back 30

a neoliberal term for when the IMF, World Bank, or other monetary IGOs intervene into failing or “sleeping” economies and shock them with forced reforms

Front 31

social class

Back 31

a group whose members share common world views and aspirations determined largely by occupation, income, and wealth. forms a way of identifying collective solidarities that group based upon socio-economic lines rather than strictly on ethnic, religious, or racial lines.

Front 32

socialism

Back 32

a regime where the state plays a leading role in organizing the economy, and most business firms are publicly owned

Front 33

social democrats

Back 33

a political party that mixes democracy and capitalist free market practices with socialism and state-interventionist practices.

Front 34

technocrats

Back 34

career-minded bureaucrats who administer public policy according to a technical rather than a political rationale, as seen in Brazil. these non-political members of the bureaucracy are brought in due to their expertise in a particular area (especially common with economists)

Front 35

totalitarianism

Back 35

a political system in which the state attempts to exercise total control over all aspects of public and private life, including the economy, culture, education, and social organizations, through an integrated system of ideological, economic, and political control. Relies on extensive coercion, including terror, as a means to exercise power. Harder than traditional authoritarianism, the major difference being that totalitarian governments try to mobilize quiescence and rally support while authoritarian regimes tend to encourage apathy.

Front 36

unitary state

Back 36

in contrast to a federal system, a system of government in which no powers are reserved for subnational units of government (such as states)

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welfare state

Back 37

a set of public policies designed to provide for citizens' needs through direct or indirect provision of pensions, health care, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor

Front 38

Westminster Model

Back 38

a form of democracy based on the supreme authority of Parliament and the accountability of its elected representatives; named after the Parliament building in London.

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five aspects of consolidated democracy

Back 39

1) Selection of the highest public offices on basis of fair and free election

2) Political parties are free to organize

3) Transparency and accountability

4) Citizens enjoy civil and political rights

5) Independent judiciary

Front 40

comparative politics

Back 40

the field within Political Science that focuses on domestic politics and analyzes patterns of similarity and difference

Front 41

transitional democracy

Back 41

countries that have moved from an authoritarian government to one that is semi-democratic. they create a facade of democratic institutions, but their informal practices as well as the interactions among instiutions do not meet the "five criteria" of democracy

Front 42

consolidated democracy

Back 42

democratic political systems that have been solidly and stably established for an ample period of time in which there is relatively consistent adherence to the core principles of democracy

Front 43

characteristics of authoritarian regimes

Back 43

1) power is highly concentrated in a single individual, a small group of people, a single political party, ethnic group, region, or institution

2) those with power claim an exclusive right to govern and use various means, including force, to impose their will and policies on all who live under their authority.

3) often claim to embody a form of democracy--may include certain democratic values and practices without altering the authoritarian character of the state

4) in "hybrid regimes" in which democratic forms of governance coexist with a persistence of authoritarian elements, government officials are more likely to engage in:

a) corruption

b) control of the media

c) intimidation and violence against opponents.

Front 44

6 Critical Junctures of Brazil

Back 44

1) The Brazilian Empire (1822–1889)

2) The Old Republic (1889–1930) “The Era of Big Coffee"

3) The 1930 Revolution

4) The Populist Republic (1945–1964)

5) Military Rule and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism (1964–1985)

6) Transition to Civilian Rule (1985—Present)

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6 Critical Junctures of Japan

Back 45

1) Tokugawa Shogunate-- a Feudal Autocracy (1603–1867) Governing from Tokyo

2) The Meiji Restoration) (1868-1912)

3) Taisho Era (1912-1926)

4) Military Turn (1927–1945)

5) Allied Occupation (1945–1952)

6) Contemporary Period (1952--Present)

Front 46

Four Primary Critical Junctures of the United States

Back 46

1) The Revolutionary Era (1773-1789)

2) The Civil War and Reconstruction (1861-1876)

3) The New Deal Era (1933-1940)

4) Divided Government, Frequently Shifting Partisan Dominance, and Political Contestation on the Scope of Government (1968-Present)

Front 47

6 U.K. Critical Junctures

Back 47

1. Glorious Revolution (1640-1688)

2. Industrial Revolution (1750-1800)

3. WWI, Depression, WWII (1914-1945)

4. Collective Consensus (1945-1979)

5. Thatcherism (1979-1990)

6. New Labour (1997-Present)

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6 Critical Junctures of Iran

Back 48

1) Safavids (1501-1722)

2) Qajar Dynasty (1794–1925)

3) Constitutional Revolution (1906)

4) Pahlavis (1925–1979)

5) Revolution (1977–1979)

6) Islamic Republic (1979—present)

Front 49

3 Major Parties of the Brazilian Populist Republic

Back 49

1) Brazilian Labor (PTB)-- pro-Vargas

2) Social Dem (PSD)--pro-Vargas

3) National Democratic Union (UDN)

Front 50

People of the Book

Back 50

The Muslim term for recognized religious minorities, such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians.

Front 51

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

Back 51

Strategy for industrialization based on domestic manufacture of previously imported goods to satisfy domestic market demands.

Front 52

State Technocrats

Back 52

Career-minded bureaucrats who administer public policy according to a technical rather than a political rationale.

Front 53

developmentalism

Back 53

An ideology and practice in Latin America during the 1950s in which the state played a leading role in seeking to foster economic development through sponsoring vigorous industrial policy.

Front 54

personalist politics

Back 54

Demagogic political leaders who use their personal charisma to mobilize their constituency.

Front 55

informal economy

Back 55

That portion of the economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits. Examples include casual employees in restaurants and hotels, street performers, and day laborers in construction or agriculture.

Front 56

Structures of Iranian Governance

Back 56

--Theocracy and democracy: religious clerics are in power, but also has democratic practices

--Veleyat e-Faqh

--Supreme leader has wide-ranging powers and is not elected. Serves as the link between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

--Guardian Council

--Expediency Council

--Assembly of Religious Experts

--Has a president and elections, continued parliament and constitution after Islamic Revolution of 1979

Front 57

Guardian Council

Back 57

A committee created in the Iranian constitution to oversee the Majles (parliament)

Front 58

Assembly of Experts

Back 58

Group that nominates and can remove the Supreme Leader in Iran. The assembly is elected by the general electorate, but almost all its members are clerics.

Front 59

Expediency Council

Back 59

A committee set up in Iran to resolve differences between the Majles and the Guardian Council.

Front 60

Structures of United States Governance

Back 60

Two concepts: 1) Federalism and 2) Separation of Powers (characterized by system of checks and balances)

Front 61

Structures of Japanese Governance

Back 61

--Constitutional Monarchy and Parliamentary Democracy

--has an emperor who is a symbol of national unity, does not govern

--Stronger centralized government than the U.S.

--Not a federalist system-- more similar to unitary system of the U.K.

--Sorted into provinces (similar to counties)

--Parliament (the Diet) does not make laws, it reviews them. Cabinet initiates most legislation and makes the laws, while the Civil Service writes it up.

--Prime Minister and cabinet serve at the confidence of the Diet

Front 62

Structures of British Governance

Back 62

--Parliament is the supreme legislative, executive, and judicial authority and includes the monarch as well as the House of Commons and the House of Lords. --Westminster Model: parliamentary sovereignty, parliamentary democracy, cabinet government.

--Parliament has a fusion of powers.

--Unitary state

--No written constitution-- combination of statutory law, common law, convention, and authoritative interpretation.

--Prime Minster is the head of the cabinet

--Civil Servants, more than ministers, assume operational duties

--Constitutional Monarchy (technically)

Front 63

Key Functions of the British Cabinet

Back 63

1) responsibility for policy-making

2) supreme control of the government

3) coordination of all government departments

Front 64

House of Commons

Back 64

Main legislative body in Britain with the most power. Queen sits on top. Very little legislative function happen (they can pass and change laws, but they do not create/initiate them). Provides finances to State through authorizing taxation. Reviews and scrutinizes public administration and government policy

Front 65

House of Lords

Back 65

One house of the British legislature, based on title and inheritance. power to amend and delay legislation, but cannot pass or reject it. mostly honorific

Front 66

What comprises the executive, legislature, and judiciary in the U.S.?

Back 66

Branches of Government

1) The Executive (The White House)

-- The Presidency

--The Cabinet and Bureaucracy

2) Legislative (Congress):

--Two Jobs: Legislate new laws and review the laws that get made. Oversight powers.

3) Judiciary (Supreme Court)

Front 67

What comprise the executive, legislature, and judiciary in the U.K.?

Back 67

Parliament is the supreme legislative, judiciary, executive, and judicial authority and includes the monarch as well as the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

1) Executive

--Cabinet-- responsible for policymaking, PM is the head, Cabinet Ministers must be elected, parliament fusion of powers

--Bureaucracy and Civil Service: Prime minister rules through civil service and bureaucracy, cabinet works in coordination with civil service. Civil Servants serve the crown, not a part of the government

-- Public & Semi-Public Institutions (Non-Departmental Public Bodies). No reserved powers.

2) Legislature:

Two Houses: House of Commons and the House of Lords

3) Judiciary: Courts have no power to judge the constitutionality of legislative acts (judiciary review). They can only determine whether policy directives or administrative acts violate the common law or an act of Parliament.

Front 68

What comprise the executive, legislature, and judiciary in Japan?

Back 68

1) Executive--

--Cabinet: Headed by PM, elected by Diet.

--Prime Minister

2) Parliament

--Cabinet initiates most legislation and makes the laws

--Prime Minister and Cabinet serve at the confidence of the Diet.

--Diet chooses PM, PM creates cabinet.

--Upper House, half is Proportional representation, other half votes for person. --Lower House House of Representatives— Voting process: non-transferable vote. two members elected from each district, but voter only votes for one. Top two go to House.

--Bureaucracy: Very small bureaucracy/Civil Service. Each ministry is headed by a Minister. Ministries tend to overlap responsibility. Vertically divided administration.

--Civil Servants: Highly professionalized, well trained.

3) Judiciary

--Chief Justice and 14 other justices in the Supreme Court.

--Not a litigious society

--Lack the tradition of judicial review

Front 69

Primary responsibilities of the Japanese Parliament

Back 69

1) Enact laws

2) Approve budget

3) Ratify international treaties

4) Audit the state

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Vertically Divided Administration

Back 70

Autonomy of sub-division, as opposed to horizontal coordination. Japan has a vertically-divided bureaucracy. Only communicate with those directly above you in the chain of governance.

Front 71

Primary powers of the Majles

Back 71

1) making or changing ordinary laws (with the approval of the Guardian Council)

2) investigating and supervising all affairs of state

3) approving or ousting the cabinet ministers

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Characteristics of the United States economy

Back 72

1) Public and private sectors

2) Free Market

3) Taxes

4) Active role in the global economy

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Characteristics of the British economy

Back 73

1) Welfare State vs. Neoliberalism

2) Use of the state to drive the economy (economy generates a surplus, then uses it to increase and finance public education and national health services)

3) Sustaining economic growth and social policy

4) Balancing act-- great in some areas, such as labor laws, but poor in others, such as job insecurity

Front 74

Characteristics of the Brazilian economy

Back 74

1) Exports a primary product (coffee) to build a nation. Not a diverse economy.

2) Rentier State

3) Depends on export-led growth

4) Typical developing country-- late to develop

5) Import Substitution Industrialization

6) State technocrats

7) Dependency theory

8) Informal economies and inability to tax a large portion of the economy

9) Deforestation of the Amazon region responsible for economic growth

10) Consistent failure to address the distribution of wealth and inequality; country's economy is defined by social inequalities and poverty entrenched into society.

11) Large landowners & favelas

12) Free market deregulation vs. sound fiscal management with social reform

13) Poor management of inflation

14) Welfare policy plays a very small role

Front 75

Characteristics of the Japanese Economy

Back 75

1) Developed late and pioneered the developmental state. Model of export-led growth.

2) Politics and economics closely, and sometimes causally, related. When economy is strong, it is usually a result of Japan having control over trade routes. When economy is strong, democracy is more robust.

3) Very strong government policy

4) Strong entrepreneurial talent-- educated and industrialized population

5) Literate and skilled workforce

6) Heavy industry growth beginning in the 1860s

7) Because their military was removed by the U.S., they could put funds into other areas of the economy. Led to high civil consumption in created markets.

8) Benefits from wars-- not fighting, benefits from disruption of trade routes. Main supplier to U.S. in several wars.

9) State plays an extensive but selective role in the economy.

10) Target specific industries

11) Non-tariff barriers and countervailing duties to grow manufacturing sector

12) Merged aspects of the public sector (i.e. the Japanese Post)

13) Private sector is the leading sector

14) Has become dependent on world economy and was hurt in 2008.

15) Financial Services Agency

Front 76

Financial Services Agency

Back 76

Founded in 2001, a Japanese agency that forced the banks to come together. Merged the banks and mediated bank mergers for the sake of efficiency and created the largest financial institution in the world. Helped banks and security firms rid themselves of bad loans to help them lend again. Did not help job creation, spark new demand, or lift Japan out of decade-long recession.

Front 77

Characteristics of the Iranian economy

Back 77

1) Exported products like carpets, luxury goods, and agricultural products until striking oil

2) Discovered oil in 1908. Switched the entire world economy over from burning coal to burning oil.

3) Rentier state

4) Receives enough money from oil to disregard internal tax base, so society has little say in the state.

5) Excessive spending of the Shah (1953-1979) caused widening gap between rich and poor and created the dual society

6) Now: unemployment still high but falling, currency has stabilized, this generation better off than the previous

7) Iran survives because it has no debt, they take care of their poor, and economic numbers are going in the right direction

Front 78

United States Policy Formation Process

Back 78

Citizens and organized interests have multiple points of entry and can fight outcomes. Policies often conflict with one another. A contentious process. Social movements and interest groups play large role.

Front 79

British Policy Formation Process

Back 79

Referred to an "insider-only" process. Parliament has little direct participation in policy-making. The focus is on Whitehall. Formation emerges primarily from within the executive-- cabinet is responsible for policy-making. Decisions are strongly influenced by informal networks with extensive knowledge, access, and personal connections to those responsible for policy (called policy communities). Civil servants, ministers, and members of policy communities work through informal ties.

Front 80

Japanese Policy Formation Process

Back 80

The majority of bills passed in the Diet originate in the National Civil Service. Policy is characterized by iron-triangles, pork barrel politics (jamming "goodies" into bills to benefit a constituency), and gridlock (in terms of changing old polices, practices, and procedures). Overlapping bureaucracy prevents clear lines of action.

Front 81

Iranian Policy Formation Process

Back 81

Highly fluid and diffuse, often reflecting the regime's factional division. Namely, this division is between the Society of Militant Clergy (statist, populist reformers calling for eradication of unemployment, redistribution of wealth, social programs, price ceilings, welfare state, etc.) and the Association of Militant Clergy (laissez-faire attitude calling for middle-class and market-class focus, balance of the budget, and cuts in social spending). Policy dynamics and gridlock revolve around this split. Ruling Elites support different groups at different times. Both groups cite the Islamic constitution to support their positions.