Final Exam

Front 1

developmental psychology

Back 1

the study of continuity and change across the life span

lecture: the science of continuity and change across the lifespan; from conception through adulthood and eventual death

Front 2

zygote

Back 2

a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both an egg and a sperm

Front 3

germinal stage

Back 3

the 2-week period that begins at conception

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embryonic stage

Back 4

a period that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

--> embryo continues to divide and its cells begin to differentiate

Front 5

fetal stage

Back 5

a period that lasts from the 9th week until birth

Front 6

myelination

Back 6

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

Front 7

placenta

Back 7

the organ that physically links the bloodstreams of the mother and the embryo or fetus and permits the exchange of certain chemicals

Front 8

feratogens

Back 8

agents that impair development

Front 9

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 9

a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Front 10

infancy

Back 10

the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

Front 11

habituation

Back 11

the tendency for organisms to respond less intensely to a stimulus as the frequency of exposure to that stimulus increases

Front 12

motor development

Back 12

the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions (eg. reaching, grasping, crawling, walking)

Front 13

reflexes

Back 13

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

lecture: involuntary movements or actions in response to certain stimuli

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cephalocaudal rule

Back 14

the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

lecture: growth occurs in a top-to-bottom direction

Front 15

proximodistal rule

Back 15

the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the centre to the periphery

lecture: growth occurs in a centre-out direction

Front 16

cognitive development (4)

Back 16

the emergence of the ability to think and understand

1. sensorimotor stage

2. preoperational stage

3. concrete operational stage

4. formal operational stage

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sensorimotor stage

Back 17

a period of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy

lecture: the first stage of child's development marked by the complete absence of abstract thoughts; for the child in this stage, the only things in their minds are what they can perceive and their own body

Front 18

schemas

Back 18

theories about the way the world works

Front 19

assimilation

Back 19

infants apply their schemas in novel situations

lecture: integrating new information into an existing schema

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accomodation

Back 20

infants revise their schemas in light of new information

lecture: changing or making new schemas once new information is discovered

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object permanence

Back 21

the belief that objects exist even when they are not visible

lecture: the knowledge that if something can't be seen it continues to exist

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childhood

Back 22

the period that begins at about 18 - 24 months and lasts until about 11 - 14 years

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preoperational stage

Back 23

the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world

lecture: the second Piagetian stage during which children understand objects and events, but still struggle to think about the minds of others or to really understand the world in logical ways

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concrete operational stage

Back 24

the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, during which children learn how actions or "operations" can transform the "concrete" objects of the physical world

lecture: the third Piagetian stage during which children become capable of doing some basic logical thinking

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conservation

Back 25

the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance

lecture: the ability for children to logically reason that quantity of an object is the same despite changes in the object's appearance

Front 26

centration

Back 26

the tendency to focus on just one property of an object to the exclusion of all others

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formal operational stage

Back 27

the final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11, during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts

lecture: the final Piagetian stage during which children become fully capable of logical and abstract thinking and are no longer dominated by their own perceptions or intuitions about the world

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egocentrism

Back 28

the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different people

Front 29

theory of mind

Back 29

the understanding that other people's mental representations guide their behaviour

Front 30

attachment

Back 30

an emotional bond

lecture: the earliest emotional and social bond that forms between newborn infants and their primary caregivers

Front 31

strange situation

Back 31

a behavioural test used to determine a child's attachment style

Front 32

attachment styles (4)

Back 32

- secure

- avoidant

- ambivalent

- disorganized

Front 33

temperaments

Back 33

characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity, including tendencies towards irritability, fearfulness, loud noises, new people, etc

Front 34

internal working model of relationships

Back 34

a set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

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secure attachment (60% of all kids)

Back 35

primary caregiver will respond

lecture: children notice the caregiver leaving and may show distress; when the caregiver comes back they are calmed down by the presence

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avoidant attachment (20% of all kids)

Back 36

primary caregiver will not respond

lecture: children are not as upset when the caregiver leaves and become angry and rebuff attention upon her return

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ambivalent attachment (15% of all kids)

Back 37

uncertain about whether their primary caregiver will respond

lecture: children are very upset when the caregiver leaves but inconsolable when caregiver returns

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disorganized attachment (5% of all kids)

Back 38

confused about their caregivers

lecture: children show no consistent pattern as caregiver leaves and returns

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preconventional stage

Back 39

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

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conventional stage

Back 40

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

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postconventional stage

Back 41

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

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adolescence

Back 42

the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21 years)

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puberty

Back 43

the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

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primary sex characteristics

Back 44

bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

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secondary sex characteristics

Back 45

bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

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adulthood

Back 46

the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death

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longitudinal studies

Back 47

experiments in which participants come in multiple times as they grow older so changes can be observed over time

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cross-sectional studies

Back 48

experiments where groups of participants that differ in age perform the same task

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nativism

Back 49

the theory that children are born with specific, structured abilities or those that will automatically develop with maturity

Front 50

empiricism

Back 50

the theory that children must acquire certain skills with experience and practice

Front 51

stage-theories

Back 51

children develop through a series of universal "stages" and every child must complete a stage in a specific way before moving to the next one; different abilities come from different stages

Front 52

continuos-theories

Back 52

each child develops according to their own path; development is fluid and continuos and any ability can emerge at any time depending on the child's experiences and/or genetics

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teratogens

Back 53

environmental agents that can cause damage

Front 54

perceptual development

Back 54

the emergence of children's ability to perceive the world; including recognizing objects, faces, and being able to categorize them as such

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perceptual narrowing

Back 55

when an initially broad perception narrows with experience

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imprinting

Back 56

extremely rapid and automatic learning that occurs in baby animals whereby they attach themselves to who they think is their caregiver

Front 57

strange situations

Back 57

a behavioural test that examines how each child is attached to their caregiver

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parenting style

Back 58

characteristic patterns of parenting including degree of attention to child, amount of help, etc

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three traditional views of the infant

Back 59

- innately evil: society must stamp out with proper upbringing

- innately good: society corrupts the "noble savage"

- innately nothing: no sense of morality at all; must get everything from culture

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uneven development

Back 60

children develop some complex abilities incredibly quickly, but others incredibly slowly

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cross-cultural effects

Back 61

children's development is not identical across cultures

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puberty will strongly affect bodies in two ways

Back 62

1. primary sexual characteristics: bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction, including genitalia, testes, ovaries, etc.

2. secondary sexual characteristics: bodily structures that will change due to puberty but are not involved in reproduction

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testosterone

Back 63

sex hormone responsible for most primary and secondary sexual characteristics in men

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estrogen

Back 64

sex hormone responsible for most primary and secondary sexual characteristics in women

Front 65

xenoestrogens

Back 65

a synthetic hormone that emulates the effect of estrogen and can be found in improperly treated food

Front 66

prefrontal cortex

Back 66

the region in the front of the brain that is associated in decision-making and risk-taking

--> begins to develop at the onset of puberty

Front 67

delay of gratification

Back 67

the ability to control one's impulses and temptation of an immediate reward for a later one

Front 68

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages

Back 68

a theory of the typical challenges faced by people throughout their lifetime that must be solved if they are to develop normally

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Erikson's Pyschosocial Development Stages (8)

Back 69

1. Trust vs Mistrust: the initial goal felt by infants where they must establish trust and attachment to parents

2. Autonomy vs Shame: toddlers must have control over their physical and motor skills

3. Initiative vs Guilt: children now face with new social and academic challenges and must feel productive in their day to day life

4. Industry vs Inferiority: children now face with new social and academic challenges and must feel productive in their day to day life

5. Identity vs Role Confusion: teenagers must develop a unique and independent sense of self, including social roles, gender, etc

6. Intimacy vs Isolation: young adults must find love

7. Generativity vs Stagnation: adults must continue feeling a sense of growth

8. Ego Integrity vs Despair: older adults must feel that their life have been meaningful and that they can face death

Front 70

cohort effect

Back 70

a problem in lifespan development research, whereby differences between young and old adults could be largely attributed to changes in socialization, nutrition, or experience with computers rather than age

Front 71

working memory

Back 71

the ability to remember information in the short-term

--> significantly decreases with age

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episodic memory

Back 72

the long-term memory for specific events that happened

--> decreases with age

Front 73

dementia

Back 73

a broad category of diseases that reduce the ability to think, remember, speak, and control one's emotions with age

Front 74

mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Back 74

the first and very subtle stage of dementia during which patients first start experiencing problems with attention and memory

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Alzheimer's Disease

Back 75

the most common form of dementia; includes significant loss of working and episodic memory problems with finding words, reasoning, spatial navigation, and issues with controlling emotions

--> affects entire brain, but mostly hippocampus

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mental disorder

Back 76

a persistent disturbance of dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

Front 77

medical model

(lecture: medical model of disorders)

Back 77

abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

lecture: all psychological disorders are due to physical/biological causes, have clear and identifiable symptoms, and can be cured like any other disease

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signs

Back 78

objectively observed indicators of a disorder

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symptoms

Back 79

subjectively reported behaviours, thoughts, and emotions

Front 80

disorder

Back 80

a common set of signs and symptoms

Front 81

disease

Back 81

a known pathological process affecting the body

Front 82

diagnosis

Back 82

a determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Back 83

a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems

lecture: a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems

Front 84

comorbidity

Back 84

the co-occurence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Front 85

biopsychosocial perspective

(lecture: biopsychosocial model)

Back 85

explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors

lecture: psychological disorders are caused by a complex network of biological factors, psychological issues, and social factors

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diathesis-stress model

Back 86

a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

lecture: a person's predisposition towards a disorder may remain unexpressed until they encounter a very stressful event and fail to deal with it

Front 87

Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

Back 87

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

lecture: a new approach to classifying and understanding mental disorders that focuses on specific cognitive processes that give rise to them

Front 88

anxiety disorder

Back 88

the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature

lecture: the class of mental disorders in which anxiety or excessive fear in response to some stimulus or situation is the dominant characteristic

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phobic disorders

Back 89

marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

--> response to a very specific stimulus

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specific phobia

Back 90

an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

Front 91

social phobia

Back 91

an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

lecture: the irrational fear of social situations, especially of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Front 92

preparedness theory

Back 92

people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

lecture: the theory that we are biologically programmed to be afraid of certain things automatically or after little experience

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panic disorder

Back 93

the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

lecture: an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden and unexpected panic attacks, including severe shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness, fear of dying and terror

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agoraphobia

Back 94

a specific phobia involving a fear of public places

Front 95

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Back 95

chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Back 96

repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning

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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 97

chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind

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mood disorders

Back 98

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature and take two main forms: depression (unipolar depression) and bipolar disorder

lecture: mental disorders whose primary symptom is large disturbances in emotions and mood (either positive or negative)

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major depressive disorder (or unipolar depression)

Back 99

a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance

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dysthymia

Back 100

the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years

lecture: a form of depression less severe than a major episode but lasting for 2 years or more

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double depression

Back 101

a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

lecture: a mix of dysthymia punctuated by episodes of major depression

Front 102

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Back 102

recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Front 103

helplessness theory

Back 103

individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global

lecture: the theory that depressed individuals have, through experience, learned that they have no control over the world, and thus have an explanatory style of negative events that is stable, global, and internal

stable - bad things will keep happening forever

global - bad event is going to affect everything

internal - bad event is all my fault

Front 104

bipolar disorder

Back 104

a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

lecture: mood disorders in which people alternate between feelings of depression and euphoria/mania

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expressed emotion

Back 105

a measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over-involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder

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schizophrenia

Back 106

the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotions; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behaviour

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positive symptoms (schizophrenia)

Back 107

thoughts and behaviours not seen in those without the disorder

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hallucinations (schizophrenia)

Back 108

false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

Front 109

delusions (schizophrenia)

Back 109

patently false beliefs, often bizarre and grandiose, that are maintained in spite of their irrationality

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disorganized speech (schizophrenia)

Back 110

a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics

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grossly disorganized behaviour (schizophrenia)

Back 111

behaviour that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

Front 112

catatonic behaviour (schizophrenia)

Back 112

a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

Front 113

negative symptoms (schizophrenia)

Back 113

deficits or disruptions to normal emotions and behaviours

Front 114

cognitive symptoms (schizophrenia)

Back 114

deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory

Front 115

domain hypothesis (schizophrenia)

(lecture: dopamine hypothesis)

Back 115

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

Front 116

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Back 116

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities

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attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Back 117

a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning

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conduct disorder

Back 118

persistent pattern of deviant behaviour involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations

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personality disorders

Back 119

enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning

Front 120

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

Back 120

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood

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suicide attempt

Back 121

potentially harmful behaviour with some intention of dying

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suicide

Back 122

intentional self-inflicted death

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nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Back 123

direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any attempt to die

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characteristics of disorders (3)

Back 124

- long term: they occur over a prolonged period of time

- impairment: they cause problems in everyday functioning, either as self-reported or reported by others

- rare: the behaviours are not commonly displayed by other members of our society

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categorical model

Back 125

the DSM-5 assumes that clinical disorders are like disease - you either have them or you don't

Front 126

blood-injection-injury

Back 126

the fear of blood, injury, injection, and other medical procedures

--> triggers a severe drop in blood pressure that can lead to fainting

Front 127

fear conditioning

Back 127

the theory that phobias are caused by associating a particular stimulus with a negative event through everyday life experience

Front 128

depressive disorder

Back 128

mood disorders in which there is pronounced feelings of depressed/low mood

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depressive realism

Back 129

the findings that, in some situations, depressed individuals are actually more accurate at judging future outcomes and their own degree of control

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positive symptoms of schizophrenia (4)

Back 130

- hallucinations

- delusions

- disorganized speech

- disorganized behaviour

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negative symptoms of schizophrenia (4)

Back 131

- flat affect

- social withdrawal

- lack of motivation

- problems with attention and working memory

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schizophrenic brains show... (3)

Back 132

- reduced grey matter

- reduced white matter

- enlarged ventricles

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schizoid personality disorder

Back 133

an odd/eclectic personality disorder marked by a pervasive pattern of social detachment and restricted range of emotional expression

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antisocial personality disorder

Back 134

a dramatic/erratic personality disorder associated with a pervasive pattern of disregard for others and high impulsivity that begins in childhood and continues into adulthood

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dependent personality disorder

Back 135

an anxious/inhibited type of personality disorder in which there is a strong need and dependence on other people, including need for approval, intense fear of losing relationship, and inability to spend any time alone

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neurodevelopmental disorders

Back 136

clinical disorders that manifest themselves in early childhood and significantly impair development and later functioning

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psychological treatment

Back 137

people interact with a clinician in order to use the environment to change their brain and behaviour

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biological treatment

Back 138

the brain is treated directly with drugs, surgery, or some other direct intervention

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psychotherapy

Back 139

an interaction between a socially sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem

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eclectic psychotherapy

Back 140

a form of psychotherapy that involved drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem

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psychodynamic psychotherapies

Back 141

therapies that explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems

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free association

Back 142

client reports every thought that enters the mind without censorship or filtering

lecture: a technique whereby the therapist probes about what associations the patient has in response to a particular event

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dream analysis

Back 143

psychoanalysis may treat dreams as metaphors that symbolize unconscious conflicts or wishes that contain disguised clues that the therapist can help the client understand

lecture: Freud believed that the unconscious partly reveals itself in our dreams, so psychodynamic therapists will often ask their patients to keep a dream journal and will discuss the images occurring in their dreams

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interpretation

Back 144

the therapist deciphers the meaning underlying what the client says and does

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analysis of resistance

Back 145

the process of "trying on" different interpretations of the client's thoughts and actions

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resistance

Back 146

a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material

lecture: the patient's reluctance to cooperate with treatment due to their defence mechanisms

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transference

Back 147

an event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies

lecture: strong feelings that the patient develops towards the therapist, often projecting their unconscious onto them; major sign of unconscious conflict

Front 148

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

Back 148

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships

lecture: a modern form of psychodynamic therapy aimed at helping people improve current relationships and in which the therapist plays a much more active supporting role

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person-centred therapy

Back 149

assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist

lecture: form of therapy that assumes that all people have a tendency towards growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist

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Gestalt therapy

Back 150

has the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them

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behaviour therapy

Back 151

disordered behaviour is learned and symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours

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token economy

Back 152

giving clients "tokens" for desired behaviours, which they can later trade for rewards

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exposure therapy

Back 153

confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

lecture: an approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in emotional response

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cognitive therapy

Back 154

helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

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cognitive restructuring

Back 155

involves teaching clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

lecture: a cognitive technique that forces patients to question their automatic beliefs, assumptions ,and predictions

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mindfulness meditation

Back 156

teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment; to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations; and to detect symptoms before they become a problem

lecture: a form of meditation in which the person becomes aware of their current sensations and attends to the present moment

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cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Back 157

a blend of cognitive and behavioural therapeutic strategies

lecture: therapies that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational thoughts and behaviours with more adaptive, rational ones

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couples therapy

Back 158

a married, cohabiting, or dating couple is seen together in therapy to work on problems usually arising within the relationship

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family therapy

Back 159

psychotherapy involving members of a family

lecture: therapy that treats the family as a system and views individual unwanted behaviour as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

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group therapy

Back 160

a technique in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere

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antipsychotic drugs

Back 161

treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

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psychopharmacology

Back 162

the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms

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antianxiety medications

Back 163

drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety

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antidepressants

Back 164

a class of drugs that help lift people's moods

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 165

shock therapy; a treatment that involves inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain

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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Back 166

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

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phototherapy

Back 167

a therapy that involves repeated exposure to bright light

Front 168

psychosurgery

Back 168

the surgical destruction of specific brain cells

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natural improvement

Back 169

the tendency of symptoms to return to their mean or average level

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placebo

Back 170

an inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced

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iatrogenic illeness

Back 171

a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself

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biomedical treatments

Back 172

treatments aimed at directly altering the functioning of the brain

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psychiatrist

Back 173

a medical doctor (MD) who is allowed to prescribe medication but is often trained in psychotherapy

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clinical psychologist

Back 174

a psychologist with a doctorate degree (PhD) who does research in clinical psychology and is trained in various forms of psychotherapy, but is not allowed to prescribe medicine

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three approaches for treatment

Back 175

- get rid of disorder

- get rid of trigger

- coping methods

Front 176

problems with treatment (3)

Back 176

- self-report is unreliable

- worst symptoms often go on their own

- placebo effect

Front 177

placebo

Back 177

an inert substance or procedure that is applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced

Front 178

efficacy

Back 178

the ability for the treatment to deal with the disorder better than any other treatment or better than doing nothing

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effectiveness

Back 179

the ability for psychologists to administer the treatment and for patients to actually use it without significant side effects

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treatment outcome research

Back 180

rigorously controlled experiments that seek to identify the benefits of specific form of treatment is better than another or no treatment at all

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psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy

Back 181

therapies based on identifying and resolving the underlying unconscious conflict that is causing the disorder

Front 182

humanistic/existential therapies

Back 182

a broad class of therapies whose purpose is to emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is inherently positive and can deal with disorders on its own

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unconditional positive regard

Back 183

a caring, empathic, nonjudgemental attitude adopted by PCT therapists that they believe will build self-awareness and acceptance

Front 184

active listening/mirroring

Back 184

empathic listening in which the therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies what the patient said

Front 185

motivational interviewing

Back 185

a style of therapy whereby the therapist that attempts to clarify and bring forward reasons that the client may want to or may not want to change their behaviour

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behavioural therapies

Back 186

therapies that assume that disorders are the product of learned and habitual behaviour and that attempt to replace automatic maladaptive behaviour with constructive one

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cognitive therapies

Back 187

therapies that assume that disorders are the product of learned and habitual thinking and that attempt to replace automatic maladaptive thinking with constructive thoughts

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classical conditioning

Back 188

a behavioural therapy technique whereby some behaviour or thought are automatically associated with a very negative emotion or feeling

Front 189

operant conditioning (reward and punishment)

Back 189

a behavioural therapy technique where patients are rewarded for some positive behaviour and/or punished for continuing with the maladaptive behaviour

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serotonin

Back 190

neurotransmitter that is primarily related to feelings of well-being and happiness

Front 191

dopamine

Back 191

neurotransmitters with many complex functions, amongst them increasing activity of various brain regions, and feelings of euphoria

Front 192

GABA

Back 192

neurotransmitter that generally suppresses or inhibits brain activity

Front 193

Norepinephrine

Back 193

catecholamine and neurotransmitter that is part of both stress and sympathetic systems; generally increases brain activity, heart rate, etc

Front 194

blood-brain barrier

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a fatty coating wrapped around brain blood vessels that prevents many chemicals (especially large molecules) from entering and affecting the brain

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five types of medication

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- antipsychotics

- anxiolytics (anti-anxiety)

- antidepressents

- mood stabilizers

- psychostimulants

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antipsychotics

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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic conditions

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conventional antipsychotics

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exclusively block dopamine receptors (eg. thorazine)

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atypical antipsychotics

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block activity of both serotonin and dopamine (eg. clozaril)

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anxiolytics/anti-anxiety

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drugs used to treat both general and specific anxiety and agitation

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benzodiazepines

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drugs that increase GABA and thus generally decrease brain activity (eg. valium, xanax) most commonly administered and most effective

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buspirone

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drug that stabilizes serotonin levels and is often used with comorbid depression (eg. buspar)

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beta blockers

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drugs that block norepinephrine and thus control muscle tension, blood pressure, and heart rate

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antidepressants

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drugs used to treat both depression and anxiety and lift people's moods

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monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

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drugs that increase the activity of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

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tricyclic antidepressants

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drugs that increase norepinephrine and serotonin; used for depression and anxiety (eg. Elavil)

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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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the most popular type of antidepressant that selectively increases serotonin activity (eg. prozac, celexa, zoloft)

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mood stabilizers

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drugs used to treat bipolar disorder that attempt to decrease the severity of depressive and manic episodes

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mineral salts

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class of drugs that occur naturally and help decrease adrenaline and increase serotonin, thus helping with both mania and depression (eg. lithium)

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anticonvulsant

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class of drugs that increase GABA and norepinephrine and especially help during manic episodes

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psychostimulants

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drugs used to treat attentional disorders, including ADHD. Selectively release norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of the brain, boosting ability to pay attention (eg. Ritalin, Adderall)

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invasive treatments

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biomedical treatments in which doctors actively and purposefully alter brain regions through surgery of electro/magnetic currents

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psychosurgery

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therapies in which the doctor selectively removes/lesions a brain region; while it can be effective, there are many side-effects since no single brain region does just one thing

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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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administration of mild electromagnetic shock to the surface of the head, temporarily enhancing or impairing select brain regions

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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a biomedical treatment that induces a brief electrical shock to the brain