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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
[GAS EXCHANGE] In the lungs there's _____, air sac
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alveoli
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Carbon dioxide diffuses from _____, across the _____ and back into the air space
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capillaries, alveoli epithelium
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what drive gases diffusion down the pressure gradients
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diffusion from areas of higher partial pressure to lower pressure
**accounts for movement of respiratory |
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____ subunits of hemoglobin act cooperatively to bind oxyge
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four
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conformational change that increases affinity for additional oxgen is called
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positive cooperativety
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release of oxygen in one of the four subunits cuases
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conformational change that reduces affinity for oxygen
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if you do extreme exercise your blood becomes
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*more acidic
*release more oxygen |
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how does oxygen move?
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they bound to hemoglobin
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how od CO2 move?
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CO2 produced by body tissue---> diffuse into interstial fluid---> plasma---> RBC----> CO2 react w/ H2O forms carbonic acid H2CO3 (rxn is catalyzed by carboni anhydrase)---> dissociates into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and H+ ----> hemoglobin binds to H+ (this changes the hemoglobin affinity for O2, allowing it to release O2) ----> while HCO3- --->plasma---> bloodstream of the lungs----> HCO3- combine w/ H+ (RBC) ---> H2CO3 is released from (RBC)----> convert back to CO2 + H2O (through carbonic anhydrase) ----> alveoli--> air
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wht is sicle-cell anaemia?
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is a blood disoder-- due to abnormal red blood cell (that are rigid sickle shape) = restricted thier flexibility + movement depriving downstream tissue of oxygen
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[EXECRETORY SYSTEM: Kidney function] Filtration
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selectively premeable membranes
**retain proteins and other large molecules |
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filtrate then goes into and through an ____
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excretory tubule
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Kidney aka the "Plumbling system". what are the basic unit of a kidney
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*Nephron
*Collecting duct |
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Give the order of the Nephron structure starting with the afferent arteriole to the collecting duct:
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afferent arteriole---> Bowman's capsule ---> proximal tubule ---> descending limp of loop of henle---> loop of Henle ---> ascending limp---> distal tuble ---> collecting duct
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Which parts of the nephron does filtration?
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glomerulus/bowmen's capsule
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which parts of the nephron preform reabsorption?
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*proximal and distal tubules *loop of Henle
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Which part of the nephron does Secretion
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proxmal and distal tubles
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what is the role of the loop of henle
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change the interstitial fluids to set up a gradiants (a concentrated gradient of solutes)
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Interstitial fluid is 300 mosmolar and blood coming in is also 300 mosmolar. As you go down the collecting duct the interstial fluid is ______
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4X more concentrated
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The gradient form an interstitial fluid which is then in _____
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equilibrium with the filtrate
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[how does gradient work] the descending limb of Henle is ___ premeable but not premeable to ____
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H2O premeable
not premeable to NaCl |
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Ascending limb pumps out _____
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NaCl
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The collecting duct is where the immediate action takes place the collecting ducts pumps out lots of ____ and some ____
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H2O
urea |
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Overall kidney regulates
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osmolarity and blood pressure
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How do you get high blood osmolarity
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dehydration and salty food
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what senes that you are dehydrated or has eaten salty salt
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Hypothymus-- osmoreceptors
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Give the process of High blood osmolarity. (2 process)
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salty food/dehydration--->hypothylmus---> signal (thirsty)--> drink H2O---> reduce osmolarity
**hypothymus--> secretes Anti-diurectic hormone (ADH)---> postior pituatory gland (for storage and secretion)----> sends out ADH---> binds to receptor in collecting duct (becomes more H2O premeable)---> produce lots of H2O---> reduce osmolarity |
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When you have extreme blood loss from cut or extreme dehydration what happen
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changes in blood presure or volume
**so you want to raise blood pressure |
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What sense this (extreme blood loss)
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the Juxta Glamerular apparatus (near the afferent anterior)
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Give the hormonal process or pathway of changes in blood pressure and volume
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Juxta glomerular apparatus---> produce a protease called Renin (its substrate is Angiotensianogen)---> Renin converts angiotensianogen (inactive) to angiotensin I (10 amino acid)-----> it goes through an enzyme called Angiotensin 1 Converting Enzyme (in the lung vessel)---> get Angiotension II (8AA)
1. angiotension II binds to a receptor---> causes arteriole constrition---> incr. pressure or 2. Angiotension II----> binds to receptors in Adrenal cortex---> makes steroids hormone called mineralocorticoids----> binds to receptors in the distal and proximal tubules---> cause reabsorption of Na+ and H2O---> increase volume of volume |
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where will you alter to reduce blood pressure?
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*inhibits the Angiotension converting enzyme
**antagonist for antengiotension II |
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[Immune System] name of of the non-specific immune system that are involve in fighting agianst infectious disease
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-skin
-phagocytic leukocytes-- egulf -natural killer cells -anti-microbial proteins |
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Specific immune system
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lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
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Bone marrow stem cells branched to lymphoid stem cells it mature in the ____ to prouduce ____
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thymus
T cell |
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Bone marrow produces B-cell where does it mature b/f transport
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partially mature in the bone marrow
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Where do these cells attach
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attack specific part of the molecule
**viral protein has a specific part called the antigen **antibodies will recognize the antigen regardless if its inside or outside in the virus |