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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Respiratory therapists use this measure instead of using mm of Hg
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Torr
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What is the Hering-Bruer Reflex?
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Prevents overinflation of the lungs
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What branches from the trachea at the carina?
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Primary bronchus
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What happens at the glomerulus?
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Filtration, Absorption and secretion
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Where do we adjust our water content in the kidneys?
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Collecting tubules and Nephron Loop
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What is gastrin?
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A hormone
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What does gastrin do?
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It stimulates gastric juices
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What does CCK stand for?
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cholecystokinin
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What does CCK do?
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It restricts gall bladder so you can eject the bile and it dilates the sphincter
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What is the function of the large intestine?
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Water reabsorption and compaction
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What produces 90% of our ATP, what process?
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Glycolysis
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What is the electron transport system called?
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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What happens during glycolysis?
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Breakdown of glucose to form 2 pyruvates produces 4 ATPs, 2 NADH, uses 2 ATPs for a net of 2 ATPs and 2 NADH This process does not require much Oxygen and does not yield much energy |
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equation for cellular respiration
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (atp)
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what gas is needed for cellular respiration to take place?
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oxygen
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what gas is produced by cellular respiration?
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carbon dioxide
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what are the 2 metabolic pathways a cell can use?
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aerobic or anaerobic respiration
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what are the three phases of cellular respiration?
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glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
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where in the cell does glycolysis take place and why?
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cytoplasm
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where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place and why?
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matrix of mitochondria
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where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur?
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inner membrane
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how many ATP are made during glycolysis?
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2 ATP
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how many ATP are made during the Kreb's cycle?
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2 ATP
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how many ATP are made during the electron transport chain?
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34 ATP
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in which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made?
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Kreb's cycle
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what are NAD+ and FAD?
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electron acceptors
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what do NAD+ and FAD do?
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they carry electrons to the mitochondria
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what do NAD+ and FAD become?
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NADH and FADH2
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in which phase of cellular respiration is water made?
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electron transport chain
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cellular respiration begins with?
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glucose
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glucose is broken down during?
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glycolysis
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glycolysis produces?
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pyruvate
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how many CO2 molecules are released for each cycle of the Krebs cycle?
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2
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NADH/H+ is generated during what two phases of cellular respiration?
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glycolysis and kreb's cycle
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FADH2 is generated during what phase of cellular respiration?
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kreb's cycle
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the electron tranport chain converts the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 into what kind of energy?
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potential energy (in the form of a gradient)
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what is the electron transport chain?
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a series of proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria
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why does glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm?
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area where most chemical reactions take place, and is where necessary enzymes are located.
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why does the krebs cycle occur in the matrix of mitochondria?
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it's where the necessary enzymes are located.
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What do natriuretic peptides do?
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lower blood pressure
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How do natriuretic peptides lower blood pressure?
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Reduces thirst reduce secretion of ADH & Aldosterone Gets rid of sodium dumps water diuresis |
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The formation of different types of cells during development occurs through a selective turning on and off of genes, this is known as?
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Differentiation
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What are the cells that are the primary target for insulin?
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Skeletal Liver Adipocytes Cardiac (all of them) |
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Where does lymphopoiesis mainly occur?
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In the bone marrow
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Where does erythropoiesis mainly occur?
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red bone marrow
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The condition in which oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced owing to low blood hemoglobin concentration is known as?
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Anemia
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This is a symptom brought on by coronary ischemia?
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Angina Pectoris
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This is what carries blood away from the heart?
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Arteries
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This is what carries blood back to the heart?
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Veins
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What increases surface area in the intestines?
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Villi and Circular folds
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What cation is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function and blood clot formation?
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Calcium
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During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in?
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Right primary bronchus
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Why do foreign objects get lodged in right primary bronchus?
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Because it descends at a steeper angle
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What is the elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea?
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Epiglottis
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Billy has just received a kidney transplant and he is taking Ciclosporin A, what does this medication do?
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It is going to suppress his Helper T Cells
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The thyroid gland is composed of many things that store thyroid hormones, what are they?
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Thyroid follicles - follicles - they contain colloid and they are simple cuboidal epithelium
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What recommendations would you give your patient that has an excessive amount of melatonin production?
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Go outside more Give them antidepressants Stop taking melatonin supplements go under special light spectrum can affect people who have SAD All of the above |
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The mesoderm & trophoblast combine to form what?
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The chorion
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The amniotic membrane that is filled with fluid is what?
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Amnion
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Which one would not increase peripheral resistance. Would it be vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
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Vasodilation
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If you double the blood pressure, what do you do to the flow?
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Double the flow
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What does Angiotensin II produce?
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Sequence - RAAS to Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II to Aldosterone to sodium to water |
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What are the zones of the adrenal glands?
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Granulosa - secretes mineralcorticoids mainly aldosterone It is the outer layer |
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What are the zones of the adrenal glands?
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Fasiculata - secretes glucocorticoids cortisol and gluconeogenesis it is the middle layer |
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What are the zones of the adrenal glands?
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Reticularis - secretes androgens - most important is testosterone Inner layer |
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What is the neonatal period?
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Day 1 to Day 16
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What do we call it when the heart cannot maintain adequate output anymore?
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Heart failure
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What is a healthy adults normal respiratory rate range?
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12 to 18 breaths per minute
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What is the area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by 2 openings in the urethra?
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Trigone
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If blood pressure doubled, blood flow through vessel would be?
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doubled
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What are our primary source of fuel?
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Glucose
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What does glucose anaerobically break down into?
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Pyruvate
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Which WBC releases histamine at the site of injury?
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Basophils
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This circuit carries blood from the aorta to your right ventricle?
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Systemic Circuit
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The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretions of progesterone and testosterone from testicles is which one?
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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When a crime scene investigator is looking for a biological fluid sample that contains IGA antibodies, this fluid would have typically come from what?
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Lymph Serum which is located in tears
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Blood vessels that supply the pancreas and most of the large intestine and small intestine is the what?
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Superior Mesenteric Artery
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Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membranes of what?
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APC & Lymphocytes APC = Antigen Presenting Cells |
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What an antibody binds to a specific antigen, what does it form?
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Antibody-Antigen Complex
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Which artery supplies the left ventricle?
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Coronary flows = Left circumflex anterior ventricular and on other side, Right Marginal posterior artery |
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During exercise, will you vasodilate your peripheral vessels?
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Yes
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While exercising, will you dilate or constrict your heart vessels?
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dilate
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While exercising, will you increase or reduce venous return back to heart?
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Increase
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Will you increase cardiac output during exercise and why?
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Yes, because tissue demands more oxygen, too much waste, increased cardiac output, the venous return tells the heart you have to push back out further and harder
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The small saphenous, the tibial and the fibula veins are going to form what vein?
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Popliteal vein
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The great saphenous will join to what vein?
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Femoral vein
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The two femoral veins are going to form what?
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The external iliac vein joins with the internal iliac vein which becomes the common iliac vein which then forms the Inferior Vena Cava.
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The IVC taps everything back in it except what?
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Digestive
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The digestive goes back through what system?
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Hepatic portal system
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The hepatic portal system bring which vein back to the IVC?
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Hepatic portal vein
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What three things come back to IVC and to the right atria?
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the IVC, SVC and Coronary Sinus
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Pathway of blood
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From RA goes through Tricuspid valve into RV through Pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk that splits into R & L Pulmonary arteries and it goes into lungs through the arteries & capillaries to venules to veins bringing oxygenated blood back to the heart through the pulmonary veins back to the LA through the bicuspid into the LV through the Aorta semilunar valve branching out to the systemic circuit
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What does a reticulocyte become?
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RBC - erythrocyte
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What is another name for a WBC?
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Leukocyte
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How do we store excess iron in the liver & spleen?
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Forms a hemosiderin - and as a ferritin
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What do we find in the interventricular and coronary sulci?
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Coronary arteries Coronary veins Adipose Grooves on surface of heart All of the above |
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If you take a calcium blocking drug, what are the effects on your body?
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Does it elevate or lower your BP Does it increase or lower your heart rate |
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What is the pericardial fluid?
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Between the heart and it is a sac called the pericardium. Fluid is within the cavity
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If you contract your papillary muscle, what happens? and why are you doing that?
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Papillary muscle in heart - it connects to chorda tendenae - contracting and pulling of chorda tendenae prevents backflow
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What is the layer inside the heart called?
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Endocardium
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The endocardium is lined by a 1 cell thick layer and it is called?
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Endothelium (lines blood vessels)
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All cells that respond to a hormone must have?
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Receptors - known as target cells
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The two lobes of the thymus are connected by?
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the isthmus - a channel or bridge
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The hypothalamus acts both as a neural and a ________ organ?
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Endocrine
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What does a pineal gland do?
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Secretes melatonin and regulates the epithalamus
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Most of the chemicals involved in the coagulation pathways are?
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Proteins - Not vitamins, electrolytes, lipids or carbohydrates |
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Hormones that regulate WBC to form are known as?
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Colony Stimulating hormones - stimulating hormones that work on colonies
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What are the following target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood calcium levels?
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Osteoblasts
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The hormone that regulates male & female reproductive organs are known as?
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Gonadotropins
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Aldosterone does what?
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Retains sodium, which then raises BP
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ADH
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Water reclamation
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When you body defends itself against a particular pathogen, what kind of immunity is that?
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Adaptive
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Where does sperm production occur?
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Seminiferous tubules inside testes
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A person consumes a large amount of baking soda to settle an upset stomach, risks developing are?
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Metabolic alkalosis
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If you have overwhelming diabetes, you have
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metabolic acidosis
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What does the kidneys do for metabolic acidosis?
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dumps the hydrogen and reclaims the bicarbonate
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What do the lungs do for acidosis?
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Increase respiratory rate What caused the acidosis? Holding your breath |
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What caused Respiratory alkalosis?
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Hyperventilation, flushed all CO2 out What does system do? reduce respiratory rate |
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What does kidney do for metabolic alkalosis?
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release bicarbonate and reclaim the hydrogen
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