Final

Front 1

An operation is the prcess of linking abstract concepts to empirical indicants.

True/False

Back 1

False

Front 2

There can only be one correct definition of a concept.

True/False

Back 2

False

Front 3

Unlike other levels of measurement, nominallevels of measurement need not be exhaustive and mutually exclusive.

True/False

Back 3

False

Front 4

Which of the following is NOT a problem with using available data?

A. Some measures may not beappropriate for the current research

B. Not all available data areaccurate

C. Data may be collected inconsistently

D. Government agencies andNGOs rarely make data public

E. Some concepts cannot be adequately operationalizedwith the available data

Back 4

Government agencies and NGOs rarely make data public.

Front 5

Which of the following canNOT be performed on data collected at the ratio level of measurement?

A. Addition/subtraction

B. Greater than/less than

C. Multiplication/division

D. Ratios

E. All of the above can beperformed on ratio level data.

Back 5

All of the above can be performed on ratio level data.

Front 6

Inter-observer reliabilty occurs when:

A. Different observersmeasure the same phenomena in the same way

B. Different observers agreeon a definition of measurement

C. Different observersadminister an instrument

D. Different observerscontribute to the conceptualization process

E. Different observers measuresome phenomena concurrently

Back 6

Different observers measure the same phenomena in the same way

Front 7

Predictive validity occurs when:

A. A measure can predictscores on a criterion measured in the past.

B. A measure relates to othermeasures specified in a social theory.

C. A measure is associatedwith a criterion collected at the same time.

D. A measure can predictscores on a criterion measured in the future.

E. A measure is operationalized as a variable.

Back 7

A measure can predict scores on a criterion measured in the future

Front 8

Face validity refers to:

A. The ability of subsets ofitems to predict one another

B. The strength of items topredict one another

C. The apparentappropriateness of how a concept is measured

D. The likelihood thatmultiple indicators measure the same phenomenon

E. The ability of indicators to predict desiredoutcomes

Back 8

the apparent appropriateness of how a concept is measured.

Front 9

Which of the following is NOTa type of unobtrusive measure?

A. Archives

B. Contrived observation

C. Indexes

D. Physical trace evidence

E. Simple observations

Back 9

Indexes

Front 10

The individual members of thepopulation whose characteristics are to be measured are called the elements.

True/False

Back 10

True

Front 11

Probability sampling methods have no systematic bias.

True/False

Back 11

True

Front 12

The validity of cross-population generalizations can be tested through sampling.

True/False

Back 12

False

Front 13

Quota sampling requires that the researcher havesome prior knowledge of characteristics in the population.

True/False

Back 13

True

Front 14

When sampling distributions take a normal shape,we can determine confidence intervals around the most common value.

True/False

Back 14

True

Front 15

The proportion of the whole population that thesample represents is more important than the size of the sample for determiningthe sample's representativeness.

True/False

Back 15

False

Front 16

The list from which elementsof populations are selected for a sample is known as the:

A. Population

B. Sample

C. Element

D. Sampling frame

E. Sampling unit

Back 16

Sampling Frame

Front 17

How can a researcher test thevalidity of cross-population generalizations?

A. Setting higher confidenceintervals

B. Conducting more researchin other sites

C. Reducing sampling error

D. Selecting a larger sample

E. Estimating the populationparameter

Back 17

Conducting more research in other sites

Front 18

In the population of NewTown, 30 percent of the people work for Bigg Corporation, 30 percent work inthe public sector (including education), and 40 percent are self-employed. In a survey of 100 residents of New Town, 40people worked for Bigg Corporation, 40 percent worked in the public sector, and20 people were self-employed. This samplewas:

A. Overrepresented B. Underrepresented

C. Nonprobabilistic D. Unrepresentative

E. Representative

Back 18

Unrepresentative

Front 19

Which of the following is FALSEabout probability sampling methods?

A. The probability ofselection is known for all elements.

B. The probability ofselection is greater than zero for all elements

C. There is no systematic biasin selection.

D. There is no samplingerror.

E. Probability sampling increases the ability to generalizefindings.

Back 19

There is no sampling error

Front 20

Which of the following is true:

A. In most cases the raw sizeof the sample is less important than the fraction of the population that the samplerepresents.

B. A smaller sample tends tobe more representative of a population than a larger drawn from the same population.

C. A sample of 3 percent ofthe population is always more representative of the population than a sample of2 percent of the population, regardless of the size of the sample drawn.

D. The more heterogeneous apopulation is, the more likely a sample will be representative of it.

E. All of the above are true.

Back 20

In most cases the raw sample is less important than the fraction of the population that the sample represents.

Front 21

Which two sampling methodsrequire that the researcher know something about the salient characteristics ofthe population (such as race, ethnicity, or gender) before selecting samples?

A. Simple random and stratifiedrandom

B. Stratified random andquota

C. Quota and multi-stagecluster

D. Multi-stage cluster andpurposive

E. Purposive and simple random

Back 21

Stratified random and quota

Front 22

Which of the following statementsis FALSE regarding sample quality?

A. Sample quality cannot beevaluated if population is not specified.

B. Sample quality cannot beevaluated if selection technique is not specified.

C. Sample quality isdetermined by the selection method itself, not the actual sample obtained.

D. Cross-population generalizationsare conjecture, no matter how strong the sample generalization.

E. A sample that allows forcomparisons involving theoretically important variables is better than one thatdoes not allow for such comparisons.

Back 22

Sample quality is determined by the selection method itself, not the actual sample obtained.

Front 23

Cross-sectional research collects data at one point in time.

True/False

Back 23

True

Front 24

Time order cannot be established in cross-sectional designs.

True/False

Back 24

False

Front 25

The unit of analysis is the level of social life from which data is collected.

True/False

Back 25

False

Front 26

If a study contains anecological fallacy, it has drawn conclusions about individuals from group-leveldata.

True/False

Back 26

True

Front 27

Socialscience is defined as the use of scientific methods to investigate individuals,societies, and social processes.

True/False

Back 27

True

Front 28

Exploratoryresearch identifies the causes and effects of social phenomena.

True/False

Back 28

False

Front 29

In-depthinterviews with each participant with the same set of questions helps reducethe risk for selective or inaccurate observation.

True/False

Back 29

False

Front 30

The everydayerror that involves choosing to look at things that are in line with our ownpreferences or beliefs is called:

a. Overgeneralization

b. Selective observation

c. Inaccurate observation

d. Illogical reasoning

e. Resistance to change

Back 30

selective observation

Front 31

The everydayerror that involves the reluctance to reevaluate ideas in light of new informationcomes from all of the following sources EXCEPT:

a. Excessive devotion to tradition

b. Ego-based commitments

c. Inability to admit earlier conclusions were made in error

d. Thinking we have seen something that is not true

e. Uncritical agreement withauthority

Back 31

Thinking we have seen something that is not true.

Front 32

When thestate approved stronger penalties for drunk driving, including the automaticsuspension of driving privileges, the number of highway deaths related to drunkdriving decreased. This observation suggests which kind of social research?

a. Descriptive b. Exploratory

c. Explanatory d. Evaluation

e. Counter-Factual

Back 32

Evaluation

Front 33

MayorPolitico requests an assessment of how people use city parks: who uses theparks, what activities are conducted in the parks, and when do they use theparks. The Mayor has asked for which type of research to be conducted:

a. Descriptive

b. Explanatory

c. Evaluation

d. Qualitative

e. Authentic

Back 33

Descriptive

Front 34

Evaluationresearch and other social research motivated by practical concerns is called:

a. Overgeneralization

b. Basic science

c. Applied research

d. Social science

e. Resistance to change

Back 34

Applied research

Front 35

Which of the followingserious human rights abuse cases led to the creation of ethical guidelines forresearch involving human subjects?

A. The Nuremberg War CrimeTrials

B. The Stanford PrisonSimulation Experiment

C. The Tuskegee SyphilisStudy

D. Both A and B

E. Both A and C

Back 35

Both A and C

Front 36

Which of the following typesof research creates few ethical problems?

A. Survey

B. Experiment

C. Descriptive

D. Explanatory

E. Exploratory

Back 36

Survey

Front 37

Which of the followingorganizations monitors IRBs, with the exception of research involving drugs?

A. The Federal Food and DrugAdministration

B. The Office for Protectionfrom Research Risks in the National Institutes of Health

C. United States HealthResources and Services Administration

D. National Archives andRecords Administration

E. None of the above

Back 37

The Office for Protection from Research Risks in the National Institutes of Health

Front 38

IRBs are primarily used forthe following EXCEPT:

A. Reviewing articles forpublication

B. Promoting adequate reviewof ethical standards

C. Reviewing researchinstruments and consent forms

D. Reviewing researchproposals

E. All of the above are usesof IRBs

Back 38

Reviewing articles for publication

Front 39

The Belmont Report established three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.

True/False

Back 39

True

Front 40

The institutional body thatreviews proposed research involving human subjects is called the BelmontReporting Commission.

True/False

Back 40

False

Front 41

There were no concerns aboutthe ethical treatment of participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience studies.

True/False

Back 41

False