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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition: make hormones and oocytes; about the size of almonds |
ovaries |
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Definition: extend from the uterus out to the ovaries with finger-like projections extending towards the ovaries |
fallopian tubes |
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Definition: finger-like projections extending towards the ovaries |
fimbriae |
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Definition: a pear-shaped muscular organ; continuous with the lumen of the fallopian tubes |
uterus |
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Ovulated oocyte is drawn into the fallopian tubes by the movement of the ______ of the fallopian tubes. |
ciliated epithelial lining |
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Definition: the base of the uterus that opens into the vagina |
cervix |
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Definition: longitudinal folds cover the openings of the vagina and urethra |
labia minora and labia majora |
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Definiton: small structure composed entirely of erectile tissue |
clitoris |
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Definition: outer layer of connective tissue of the uterus |
perimetrium |
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Definition: middle layer of muscle tissue of the uterus |
myometrium |
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Definition: inner epithelial layer made up of stratified, squamous, non-keratinizing epithelium in the uterus |
endometrium |
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Definiton: outermost layer of the endometrium |
stratum basale |
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Definition: inner most layer of the uterus that cyclically grows thicker as a result of estrogen and progesterone stimulation; sheds at menstruation |
stratum functionale |
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Germ cells in the ovary multiply during development and reach ______ oogonia by about __ months gestation. Majority undergo _____ prenatally. Remaining oogonia (the primary oocytes) begin _____ toward the end of gestation and arrest in______. There are about ____ primary oocytes in the ovaries of a newborn girl. Only about ____ primary oocytes will be ovulated during a woman’s reproductive years and the rest will undergo _____. |
6-7 million 5 apoptosis meiosis prophase I of the first meiotic division 2 million 400 apoptosis |
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Definition: hollow ball of cells that encloses a oocyte |
ovarian follicle |
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Definition: hollow ball of cells that encloses a primary oocyte |
primary follicle |
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In response to ____ stimulation, some of the oocytes and follicles grow larger. Follicular cells divide to produce multiple layers of _____ thatsurround the oocyte and fill the follicle. |
FSH granulosa cells |
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Someof the primary follicles will be stimulated to grow still more and they will develop a number of fluid filled vesicles (______). Continued growth of the these through _____ of its vesicles to form a single fluid filled cavity (_____) gives rise to the ______. |
secondary follicles fusion antrum graafian (mature) follicle |
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Definition: a mound that supports the oocyte formed by granulosa cells around the graafian follicle |
cumulus oophorus |
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Definition: ring of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte |
corona radiata |
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Definition: thin gel-like layer of proteins and polysaccharides between the oocyte and corona radiata |
zona pellucida |
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____ stimulates the granulosa cells to produce increasing amounts of ____ as the follicles grow. |
FSH estrogen |
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As the follicle develops, the ______ completes its first meiotic division. It does not ____. Only one cell (the ______) gets all the_____. |
primary oocyte form two complete cells secondary oocyte cytoplasm |
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Definition: smaller oocyte that eventually fragments and disappears |
polar body |
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Unequal division ensures that the ovum will be ______ to become a viable embryo should fertilization occur. Second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte only occurs if the oocyte is_____. |
large enough fertilized |
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Definition: release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tubes |
ovulation |
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By day ____ after the first menstruation, only ___ follicle has grown enough to become a fully mature graafian follicle. Other secondary follicles during that cycle _____ and _____ through a special form of apoptosis (______) |
10-14 one regress degrade atresia |
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The one follicle that grows large enough is protected from _____ and becomes so large it forms a _____ on the ovary surface. It _____ like a blister popping. |
atresia bulge ruptures |
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If the released oocyte is not fertilized within a few days, it will ______. If a sperm cell passes through the ______ and enters the _____, the ovulated secondary oocyte will then undergo the _____. Like before, ______ occurs so that the majority of the cytoplasm goes with the zygote and another _____ is formed. |
degenerate zona pellucida cytoplasm second meiotic division unequal division polar body |
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After ovulation, the follicle still play an important role. With___ stimulation, the empty follicle undergoes structural and biochemical changes to become a ____. While the ovarian follicles secrete only ____, the corpus luteum secretes both_____ and _____. If fertilization does not occur, this regresses and becomes a nonfunctional _____. |
LH corpus luteum estrogen estrogen progesterone corpus albicans |
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_______ secretes FSH and LH which promote the cyclic changes in hormone production within the ovaries. FSH secretion is slightly _____ than LH secretion during the early phase of the______ while LH secretion ______ FSH secretion just prior to_____. Patterns of hormone secretion regulate the phases of the menstrual cycle. |
anterior pituitary higher menstrual cycle greatly exceeds ovulation |
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Definition: periodic shedding of the stratum functionale of the endometrium of the uterus that becomes thickened prior to menstruation under the stimulation of ovarian steroid hormones; lasts 3-5 days on average |
menstruation |
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Shedding during menstruation is accompanied by ____ caused by a fall in ____ and ____ secretion. The menstrual cycle lasts about ___ days on average but there’s individual variation. |
bleeding estrogen progesterone 28 |
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Definition: starts on the first day of menstruation and goes until ovulation (~ day 13) |
follicular phase |
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During the follicular phase, some of the primary follicles begin ____, _____, and become _____. Onefollicle reaches maturity at the end of this phase becoming a _____. As the follicles grown, the granulosa cells produce increasing amounts of_____ (primary estrogen) which reach the highest concentration in the blood at about day ___ (2 days before ovulation). |
growing develop vesicles secondary follicles graafian follicle estradiol 12 |
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During the follicular phase, growth of the follicles and estradiol secretion are dependent upon ____, which is slightly ____ than ___ at the start of this phase. It stimulates the production of _____ in the granulosa cells so that the follicles become ______ to a given amount of FSH. |
FSH higher LH FSH receptors increasingly sensitive |
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Increasing sensitivity to FSH is augmented by _____ which further stimulates the _____ in the follicles. As a result, the effect of FSH on the follicles ____ despite FSH levels in the blood _____. FSH and estradiol also stimulate the production of _____ in the _____ -- positive feed-back loop! |
estradiol production of new FSH receptors increases remaining constant LH receptors graafian follicle |
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Rapid rise in estradiol secretion from the granulosa cells acts on the _____ to increase ____ pulses. At the same time, estradiol augments the ability of the _____ to respond to ____ resulting in an increase in ___ secretion. |
hypothalamus GnRH anterior pituitary GnRH LH |
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Positive feedback of estradiol on the _____ results in an increase in ___ secretion late in the _____ that culminates in the ____. This begins 24 hours before _____ and peaks at about _____ beforeovulation. It triggers _____. |
pituitary LH follicular phase LH surge ovulation 16 hours ovulation |
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Since GnRH also stimulates the ____ to secrete both ___ and ____, there is a simultaneous, smaller surge in ____ secretion. This smaller surge serves as the stimulus for the _____ for the next month’s cycle. |
anterior pituitary FSH LH FSH development of new follicles |
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LH stimulates the empty follicle to become the _____. _____ levels before ovulation are negligible before ovulation but rapidly rise to a peak level during the _____ (~__ week after ovulation). Highprogesterone levels in concert with _____ exert a negative feedback effect on ___ & ___ secretion. |
corpus luteum progesterone luteal phase 1 estradiol FSH LH |
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Corpus luteum also produces ____ to further suppress FSH secretion. Negative feedback prevents _____ thereby preventing ____. Corpus luteum _____ at the end of this phase and the inhibition exerted on follicle development is removed. Decline of the corpus luteum causes ____ and ____ levels to drop to very low levels by day __ and results in _____. |
inhibin development of new follicles multiple ovulations regresses estrogen progesterone 28 menstruation |
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Definition: break down of the corpus luteum as a result of low LH |
luteolysis |
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Developmentof the endometrium is timed by the cyclic changes in the secretion of ____ and _____ from the _____. |
estradiol progesterone ovarian follicle |
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During the first phase of the development of the endometrium, ______, increasing amounts of _____ secreted by the _____ stimulate the growth of the _____ of the endometrium. It occurs during the _____ of the ovary. Estradiol may also stimulate the production of ______. |
proliferative phase estradiol developing follicles stratum functionle follicular phase progesterone receptors |
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During the second phase of the development of the endometrium, _____, increasing_____ secretion by the ______ stimulates the development of_____. Endometrium becomes a thick, highly ______, “spongy” tissue in preparation to nourish an embryo if fertilization occurs. It occurs during the ______ of the ovary. |
secretory phase progesterone corpus luteum uterine glands vascular luteal phase |
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The third phase of the development of the endometrium, the ______, consists of _____ and sloughing of the ______ of the endometrium as a result of the drop in ovarian ______. |
menstrual phase necrosis hormone secretion |
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The oral contraceptive pill is typically made up of synthetic ___ combined with a synthetic ____ that’s taken once a day for 3 weeks after the _____. It causes immediate increase in blood levels of ____ & _____ which is maintained for the entire cycle. This results in ______ of ____ secretion so _____ never occurs. |
estrogen progesterone last day of a menstrual period estrogen progesterone negative feedback inhibition gonadotropin ovulation |
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The pill causes something like a false _______ (high estrogen & progesterone; low gonadotropins). Estrogen & progesterone still cause the endometrium to _____ and become secretory as it would in a normal cycle. One must stop taking pills for ____ in order to prevent abnormal growth of the endometrium. Its highly effective when _____. |
luteal phase proliferate one week taken properly |
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Definition: cessation of ovarian activity and menstruation; occurs at about age 50 |
menopause |
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During menopause, ovaries are depleted of ____ and stop secreting ____ and ____. The drop in estradiol is due to changes in the _____, not the _____. ___ and ___ secretion by the pituitary becomes elevated due to a loss of negative feedback. |
follicles estradiol inhibin ovaries pituitary FSH LH |
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Loss of estradiol during menopause is most responsible for associated symptoms: _______ produce “_____” where a fall in core body temperature is followed by feelings of heat and profuse perspiration; _____ atrophy with loss of _____; increased risk for ______ and increased _____ progression. |
vasomotor disturbances hot flashes urogenital lubrication cardiovascular disease osteoporosis |
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The male ejaculates about ____ sperm into the vagina of a female. This huge number of sperm is needed because only about ____ will survive to reach the fallopian tube. |
300 million 100 |
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Definition: process where the sperm gain the ability to fertilize an ovum; occurs within the female reproductive tract |
capacitation |
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Fertilization typically occurs within the ____. Asthe first sperm tunnels through the ______ of the oocyte, a number of changes occur that prevent another sperm from _____. Within 12 hours, the _____ of the ovum disappears & chromosome number is _____. Secondary oocyte that was ovulated____ 12-24 hours after ovulation if not ____. |
uterine tubes zona pellucida fertilizing the same oocyte nuclear membrane restored to 46 disintegrates fertilized |
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Sperm can survive up to ___ days in the female reproductive tract so fertilization can occur if intercourse takes place within a this period prior to _____. |
3 ovulation |
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Definition: mitotic division of cells in the early embryo |
cleavage |
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Definition: ball of 8 cells that enters the uterus about 3 days after ovulation |
morula |
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Definition: hollow structure formed by the embryo consisting of 2 parts |
blastocyst |
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Definition: part of the blastocyst that will become the fetus; cells are called trophoblastcells |
inner cell mass |
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Definition: surrounding structure of the blastocyst that will become part of the placenta |
chorion |
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Blastocyst implants in the uterus at day ___ post _____. About____% of all pregnancies are lost due to a failure to implant and consequently are not recognized as pregnancies. |
6 ovulation 75 |
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Definition: promotes abortion by blocking progesterone receptors of the endometrial cells |
RU486 (mifepristone) |
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When combined with a small amount of _____ which stimulate contractions of the myometrium, _____ causes the endometrium to ____, carrying the embryo with it. It is ____% effective at terminating pregnancies of ___ days or less. |
prostaglandins RU486 slough off 96-99 49 |
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Definition: secreted by the trophoblast cells of the chorion before implantation occurs |
chorionic gonadotropin |
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hCG is identical to ___ in its effects and therefore maintains the _______ past the time it would otherwise regress. This maintains the secretion of ____ & ______ preventing menstruation. Secretiondeclines by the ____ week of pregnancy because by 5-6 weeks, the _____ takes over. |
LH corpus luteum estradiol progesterone 10th placenta |
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Definition: layer of the inner cell mass that formsthe nervous system & skin |
ectoderm |
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Definition: layer of the inner cell mass that formsthe gut and its derivatives |
endoderm |
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Definition: layer of the inner cell mass that forms muscle, red blood cells, & connective tissue |
mesoderm |
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As implantation of the blastocyst occurs, the endometrium undergoes the _______ (increased cellular growth & accumulation of glycogen). |
decidual reaction |
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Both maternal & fetal tissues come together to form the _____. This serves as an ______ protecting the developing the embryo. Blood vessels of the endometrium remodel into _____ that produce a ____ vascular resistance so that more _____ flows into the placenta. |
placenta immunologically privileged site dilated tubes low maternal blood |
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Definition: fluid filled bag containing the embryo with its umbilical cord |
amniotic sac |
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The amniotic sac is initially______. Later, the ____ increases and composition is altered by ____ from the fetus. |
isotonic volume urine |
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Maternal and fetal blood are brought close together within the placenta but _____. Maternal blood is delivered to and drains into _____ located near the _____. Placenta serves as the site for _____ and ______ exchange between maternal and fetal blood. |
never mix cavities fetal arteries gas molecule |
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Placenta has a high ______. Like the liver, it produces a number of enzymes that convert hormones and exogenous drugs to _____ preventing potentially dangerous molecules in maternal blood from _____. |
metabolic rate less active molecules harming the fetus |
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The placenta secretes _______ & ______. |
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) |
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Definition: has LH-like effects & thyroid stimulating ability like TSH; secreted by placenta |
hCG |
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Definition: has actions similar to growth hormone and prolactin; secreted by placenta |
hCS |
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hCS, along with ____ from the mother’s pituitary produces a _____-like effect: it promotes_____ increasing plasma fatty acids, it causes ______ by maternal tissue increasing blood glucose concentrations, and ______. This effect serves to ensure sufficient _____ for the placenta and fetus which use it as their primary energy source. |
growth hormone diabetic lipolysis glucose-sparing polyuria glucose |
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Definition: excretion of large volumes of urine; results in dehydration and thirst |
polyuria |
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As the ____ regresses, the ____ takes over sex-steroid production. The result is a rise in blood ______ levels more than ____x’s greater than those at the beginning of pregnancy. The placenta also produces large amounts of _____ so that the ______ in blood is ____ at the beginning of pregnancy and close to ___ toward full term. Placenta must be supplied with the _____ by the mother and fetus. |
corpus luteum placenta estrogen 100 progesterone estrogen/progesterone ratio 100:1 1:1 precursors to estrogen and progesterone |
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Definition: sequence of powerful contractions of the uterus needed to expel the fetus |
labor |
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Definition: child birth |
partuition |
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Labor contractions are stimulated by ____ (produced by _____ and secreted by the ____; also secreted by the ____) and _____ (cyclic fatty acids with paracrine functions produced within the ____). |
oxytocin hypothalamus posterior pituitary uterus prostaglandins uterus |
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Rising _____ levels stimulate the uterus to make receptors for ____ & ____ and to produce ____ between the myometrial cells. Increase in receptors make the uterus more sensitive to these hormones. |
estrogen oxytocin prostaglandins gap junctions |
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Gap junctions ____ and ____ contractions of the uterus. |
synchronize coordinate |
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These changes in the uterus are mediated by ______ by the placenta which increases ____ levels. |
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) estrogen |
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Each mammary gland consists of ____ lobes and each lobe is divided into lobules which contain the ______ that secrete ____. |
15-20 glandular alveoli milk |
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Clustered alveoli secrete milk into a series of ______ which converge to form a series of ______ which in turn form a ______ that drains at the _____. |
secondary tubules mammary ducts lactiferous duct tip of the nipple |
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Lumen of each lactiferous duct _____ just beneath the surface of the nipple to form an ____ where _____ during nursing. |
expands ampulla milk accumulates |
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Definiton: hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of milk after partuition |
prolactin |
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Secretion of prolactin is controlled by _____ which is produced by the hypothalamus in response to high _____ levels. High levels of this hormone also directly inhibit the _____ so that while thebreasts are prepared for ____, they are prevented from secreting ____ until after partuition. |
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) estrogen mammary glands lactation prolactin |
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Expulsion of the placenta results in a drop in ____ and _____ drops resulting in ____ production. The act of _____ maintains high levels of ____ secretion through a neuroendocrine reflex triggered by _____. This also triggers _____ secretion from the _____ which results in the ____. |
estrogen PIH milk nursing prolactin suckling oxytocin posterior pituitary milk-ejection reflex/milk letdown |
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Breast feeding supplements ______ of the infant. |
immune protection |
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In utero, the fetus receives _____ across the placenta from the mother which provides passive immune protection for the first ____ after birth. _______ are passed from mother to infant in breast milk providing additional passive immune protection within the baby’s ______. |
IgG antibodies 3-12 months IgA antibodies intestine |
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Milk contains _____, _____, and _____ that promote the development of the baby’s system of _____. |
cytokines lymphocytes antibodies active immunity |
