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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Human reproductive system functions |
ensure the sexual maturation of each individual, produce reproductive cells known as gametes, combining gametes |
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What are the 4 female and male reproductive system homologues ? |
ovary-testis, clitoris-glans of penis, labia majora-scrotum, vestibular glands--bulbourethral glands |
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What is the function of the ovary-- testis system homologues? |
produce games and sex hormones |
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What is the function of the clitoris--glans of penis system homologues? |
contain autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate arousal and sexual climax feelings |
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What is the function of the labia majora--scrotum system homologues? |
protect and cover some reproductive structures
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What is the function of the vestibular glands--bulbournethral glands system homologues? |
secrete mucus for lubrication |
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Primary sex organs are called _______? (females vs males) |
gonads, ovaries, testes |
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Gonads produce mature _______ ______ that unite at fertilization to form a ______ cell giving rise to a new individual (females vs males) ? |
haploid gametes, diploid, ova, spermatozoa |
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Gonads produce ____ ______ affecting maturation, development and activity of reproductive system organs (females vs males)? |
sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, androgens (testosterone) |
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What are the secondary sex characteristics that become more prominent at puberty? |
gonads secrete sex hormones, breast enlargement in females, pubic and axillary hair in both sexes, reproductive organs become fully functional, gametes mature |
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Female typically produce and release a single _____ monthly |
oocyte |
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male produce _____ million sperm daily |
100 |
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Male gametes are stored for a short time in the _____ _____ if they are not expelled from the body they are resorbed |
duct system |
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Females begin gamete formation before _____; males at _______ |
birth, puberty |
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Perineum |
diamond shaped area between thighs bounded by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosity, and coccyx |
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Describe the subdivisions of the perineum (female vs male)? |
urogenital triangle (contains urethral and vaginal orifaces in females; base of penis and scrotum in males) and anal triangle |
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What is the blood and nerve supply in the perineum? |
internal pudenal vessels and nerves |
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Female reproductive system functions |
produces gametes (ova), supports a developing embryo/fetus, undergoes changes according to the menstrual cycle, delivers newborn, provides sustenance for newborn |
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What are the female reproductive organs? |
ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and mammary glands |
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Cortex in ovary |
outer portion containing follicles with oocytes and corpusluteum in reproductive-aged women |
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medulla in ovary |
inner core containing connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves |
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germinal epithelium in ovary |
outer covering of the ovary consisting of a simple cuboidal epithelium |
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________ begins before birth. Initially, the ovary contains ______ ______ ______ that differentiate into ______. Oogonia are _____ cellscontaining 23 pairs of chromosomes and are the stem cells for female gametes |
oogenesis, primordial germ cells, oogonia, diploid |
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In the fetus, the oogonia divide and then start the process of _____ (beginning of gamete formation) but they are stopped at _____ _______. At this point, the cells are called _____ _______. |
meiosis, early meiosis I, primary oocytes |
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Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flattened ______ ______ |
follicular cells |
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The primary oocyte plus the follicular cells form a ________ ______ |
primordial follicle |
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At birth each ovary contains approximately ____ to ____ million primordial follicles |
1.5 to 2 |
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The primary oocytes in the primordial follicles remain arrested in meiosis I until ______ |
puberty |
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At puberty the ovaries are activated when the hypothalamus releases _____ that stimulates the release of ______ and ____ from the anterior pituitary gland |
GnRH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone) |
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The levels of FSH and LH vary in a cyclical pattern and this is responsible for the _____ ____ _____ |
monthly ovarian cycle |
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At puberty, each ______ consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells that support the oocyte |
follicle |
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Primordial follicle |
primaryoocyte (stuckin meiosis I) surrounded by single layer offlattened follicle cells; the only viable follicles present before puberty |
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primary follicle |
primaryoocyte (stuckin meiosis I)surrounded by zona pellucida (egg shell) and several layers offollicle (granulosa) cells. Has been stimulated to continue development |
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secondary follicle |
primary oocyte (stuck in meiosis I) surrounded by multiple layers ofgranulosa cells and one or several pools of follicular fluid |
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Vesicular (Graaffian) follicle |
folliclecharacterized by secondary oocyte(stuckin meiosis II)surrounded by the corona radiata,multiple layers of granulosa cells, and a single large pool of follicular fluidheld in a space called the antrum |
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corpus luteum |
functional remnant of follicle after ovulation |
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The uterine tubes are also known as ? |
fallopian tubes, oviducts, or ovarian tubes |
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Ovum is fertilized in the _____ _____ and the zygote begins developing as it travels toward the uterus |
uterine tube |
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The ovum usually takes about ___ to ___ days to reach the uterus |
5 to 6 |
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infundibulum |
widerfunnel-like part that helps sweep ovum into uterine tube. Lined with simplecolumnar ciliated epithelium surrounded by smooth muscle. Both help propel ovumdown toward the uterus. Fertilization usually occurs in outer 1/3rd of the tube |
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pelvic inflammatory disease |
infectionsin vagina and uterus spreads into uterine tubes and pelvic peritoneum. Occursin 10% women in US. Symptoms includetenderness of lower abdomen, fever, and vaginal discharge. Can lead toinfertility (if not treated within days) as scarring blocks uterine tube and itgreatly increase the risk of tubule pregnancies |
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Describe the microscopic anatomy of the uterine tube |
lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium, smooth muslce tunic |
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What are the parts of the uterus? |
body (main part), fundus (rounded part where tubes enter), isthmus (narrowed region inferior to body), cervix (lower narrow neck leading to vagina) |
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What are the ligaments that support the uterus? |
broadligament (mesentery folds), cardinal and uterosacral ligaments (thickened CTlining pelvis), and round ligament of uterus (anchor to anterior body wall) |
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prolapse uterus |
weakenedpelvic muscles and ligaments due to child birth and/or aging. Tip of cervixprotrudes through vaginal opening |
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What are the 3 main functions of the uterus? |
site of implantation, maintain and nourishes embryo/fetus, expels fetus at delivery |
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What are the layers of the uterine wall? |
perimetrium (adventitia), myometrium (delivery), endometrium (glands) |
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Endometrium (functional layer vs basal layer) |
sheds and is embryo/fetal support; not shed and is regnerated |
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Endometriosis |
10% of women--fragments of endometrium that take hold elsewhere; respond to menstrual cycle. Leads to pain, bleeding, cysts, and infections |
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
released by anterior pituitary, targets ovary, required for follicle development and estrogen production |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
released by anterior pituitary, targets ovary, stimulates conversion of follicle into corpus luteum after ovulation. Corpus luteum makes progesterone and estrogen, surge in LH required for ovulation |
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Estrogen |
made by follicle and granulosa cells inresponse to FSH, responsible for secondary sexualcharacteristics, regenerates endometrium |
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Progesterone |
made by corpus luteum, prepares uterus for implantation, inhibits ovulation |
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
made by embryo, maintains corpus luteum until placenta can take over, presence of HCG in urine is the basis of home pregnancy tests |
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mentsrual phase |
occurs days 1-5 of the cycyle; phase is marked by sloughing of the functional layer and bleeding |
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proliferative phase |
spans next 6-14 days; initial repair and replacement of the functional layer including replacing uterine glands; overlaps the time of follicle development; driven by estrogen secretion |
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secretory phase |
spans next 15-27 days; driven by progesterone and estrogen secretion from the corpus luteum resulting in increased vascularization and secretion from uterine glands |
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ischemic phase |
if the zygote does not implant, the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone/estrogen levels drop; blood supply to functional layer is cut off and it begins dying |
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The _______ layer is lost during menstruation and regenerated within the first 2 weeks of menstrual cycle. |
functional |
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Functional layer is ready for implantation during the ______ phase when the glands are secreting (at the end of the cycle before menstruation) |
secretory |
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Basal later of the uterus always remains as it provides ____ _____ needed for replacing the functional layer. |
stem cells |
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Thickness of endometrium during cycle ranges from ____ mm after menstrual phase to almost ____ mm at secretory phase |
0.5, 8 |
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Time when woman is nearing menopause is called _______ |
perimenopause |
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What occurs during perimenopause? |
estrogen levels begin to drop due to loss of follicles over time; a woman may experience irregular periods, skipped periods, or have very light periods |
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With _______ a women has stopped having monthly menstrual cycles for 1 year and is not pregnant |
menopause |
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When does menopause occur and what happens during menopause? |
occurs between 45 and 55 years of age, with loss of follicles significant amounts of estrogen and progesterone are no longer secreted, since the endometrial lining does not grow, there is no longer a monthly uterine cycle with its associated menstrual period |
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what is the vagina |
connects with outside the body; about 10 cm long |
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hymen |
an incomplete diaphragm |
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fornix |
recess formed at the superior part of the vagina |
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What are functions of the vagina? |
birth canal for delivery of baby, copulatory organ, passageway for menstrual debris |
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The vagina consists of what 3 layers? |
mucosa (marked by transverse folds and lined with stratified squamous epithelium), muscularis (smooth muscle tunic), adventitia (fibrous connective tissue |
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central tendon of external genitalia |
knob of CT that is tendon of muscles of pelvic floor |
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Episiotomy |
centraltendon can be torn by baby’shead weakening pelvic floor as the tear may heal badly. Incision made to theposterior vaginal oriface towiden it when baby’shead appears, either through middle or off to one side of the central tendon.After delivery, clean incision is stitched. (declining usage; 30% time done in US now-- controversial as maynot be necessary and it is painful during healing) |
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The female external genitalia consists of ? (9 things) |
central tendon, mons pubis, clitoris, prepuce, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, hymen, urethral oriface |
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What are breasts? |
modified sweat glands |
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glandular structure |
undeveloped in non-pregnant women |
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when does milk production begin |
starts after childbirth; released by prolactin |
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Location of the mammary glands (breasts) |
located between 2-6th ribs; 15-25 lobes containing glands separated by CT septa |
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areola |
pigmented skins surrounding nipple; special sebaceous glands that secrete oily substance that helps protect area from chapping and cracking due to frequent nursing |
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ovarian cancer |
arisesfrom cells in the germinal epithelium. 8th most common (~1:10,000 in NE in2007). Symptoms:pelvic pain, bloating, vaginal bleeding, difficulty in eating, diarrhea |
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endometrial cancer |
arisesfrom the endometrium of the uterus. More common than ovarian cancer andcervical cancer (4th mostcommon). Symptoms:vaginal bleeding, abnormal cycle, abdominal pain, white vaginal discharge inpostmenopausal women |
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cervical cancer |
slow-growing,arises from epithelium at the tip of the cervix. At one time, leading cause ofcancer deaths in women. PAP smear; Papilloma virus infection is one cause.Vaccines can lower risk |
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breast cancer |
most common cancer in women and second most common cause of cancer deaths in women; 1:8 chance sometime in a women's lifetime; 97% occurs in women over 55 |
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What are the risk factors, early detection methods, and treatment options of breast cancer |
family history, late menopause, first live birth after age 30, estrogen replacement therapy; self examine and annual mammogram; surgical removal of the mass (lumpectomy) and lymph nodes, radiation therapy, administration of selected hormone inhibitors, chemotherapy |