Female Reproduction For Pathophysiology/ Western Medicine

Front 1

The ovaries produce which hormones?

Back 1

estrogen and progesterone

Front 2

a pair muscular tubes extending fro the uterus to the ovaries

Back 2

Fallopian tubes

Front 3

Finger Like Projections at the end of the Fallopian tubes that carry the Ovum to the uterus

Back 3

Fimbriae

Front 4

Inner lining of the uterus; this sheds during menstruation

Back 4

endometrium

Front 5

The hypothalamus secretes _____ which causes the Anterior Pituitary to release FSH and LH

Back 5

GnRh (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)

Front 6

Day One of the cycle refers to

Back 6

The first day of bleeding

Front 7

In the ovary, the first 14 days of the cycle are reffered to as ________

Back 7

Follicular Phase

Front 8

During the ovarian ____ phase, primary follicles are stimulated to mature into secondary follicles and follicles produce estrogen

Back 8

Follicular Phase

Front 9

FSH is released in response to low ____

Back 9

estrogen

Front 10

High concentrations of Estrogen stimulate____

Back 10

LH

Front 11

A spike in ____ stimulates ovulation

Back 11

LH

Front 12

The process of a mature egg being formed and released into the fallopian tube, around day 14 of the cycle

Back 12

ovulation

Front 13

After ovulation, the follicle becomes the ____

Back 13

Corpus Luteum

Front 14

The Corpus Luteum secretes

Back 14

Estrogen, Inhibin, Progesterone

Front 15

Inhibin

Back 15

Inhibits FSH, prod. After ovulation; this works to INHIBIT FSH, works via negative feedback

Front 16

Progesterone

Back 16

increases after ovulation, suppresses GnRH release, stimulates endometrial growth

Front 17

The trigger for shedding of the endometrium (menses) is ?

Back 17

Progesterone withdrawal (decline in progesterone levels)

Front 18

The First day of bleeding in the menstrual cycle is___

Back 18

Day 1 of cycle

Front 19

fertility duration is about _____ hours after ovulation

Back 19

24 hours

Front 20

normal duration of bleeding is

Back 20

5 days

Front 21

Normal cycle length (first day of bleeding to the next bleed) is

Back 21

21-35 days between cycle

Front 22

The Growth and branching of breast ducts for lactation is under the influene of

Back 22

Estrogen

Front 23

The growth of breast glands for lactation is under the influence of

Back 23

Progesterone

Front 24

Placental Lactogen blocks____ keeping lactation from occurring during pregnancy

Back 24

Prolactin

Front 25

The biochemical marker for pregnancy tests detect

Back 25

hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Front 26

estrogen effects include

Back 26

Systemic effects include: + bone and muscle growth, +endometrial growth, maintenance of female secondary characteristics and glands

Front 27

What organs/glands regulate the female reproductive cycle?

Back 27

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the ovaries.

Front 28

What hormone does the hypothalamus release to regulate the female reproductive cycle?

Back 28

GnRH, Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Front 29

What are the principle gonadotropins?

Back 29

Luteininzing horome (LH) and Follicle stimulating horome (FSH)

Front 30

GnRH regulates the release of what horomones?

Back 30

LH and FSH

Front 31

What gland secretes LH and FSH?

Back 31

The anterior pituitary

Front 32

What stimulates ovulation?

Back 32

a surge in LH

Front 33

LH and FSH stimulates secretion of what sex horomones?

Back 33

Estradiol (an estrogen) and Progesterone

Front 34

What happens to LH and FSH levels at puberty?

Back 34

They increase, leading to estrogen release.

Front 35

What hormones stimulates the onset of secondary sexual characteristics?

Back 35

Estrogen

Front 36

What does FSH stimuluate?

Back 36

The growth of follicles in the ovary, one of which will achieve ovulation during a cycle.

Front 37

What is the normal number of days for menstrual bleeding?

Back 37

Around five

Front 38

What is the normal number of days for a menstrual cycle?

Back 38

21-35 days

Front 39

How is the menstrual cycle length determined?

Back 39

From the first day of bleeding to the day before the next bleed

Front 40

If there is abnormal bleeding what do you need to rule out first?

Back 40

Pregnancy

Front 41

What are some systemic causes for abnormal bleeding

Back 41

Thyroid disorder (Check TSH), bleeding disorder (Coagulation issues, check for nosebleeds, bruising)

Front 42

What are some clues for the systemic causes of abnormal bleeding?

Back 42

Enlarged thyroid or symptoms, galactorrhea (excess prolactin and milk production), tunnel vision (pituitary lesion)

Front 43

Defects in the reproductive system that lead to abnormal bleeding can occur where?

Back 43

Anywhere: tube, uterus, cervix, vagina

Front 44

Name four pathologies that can lead to abnormal bleeding because of an anatomical defect of the uterus.

Back 44

Endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia (growth excess), endometrial cancer, myotoma (fibroids)

Front 45

How can the uterine lining be tested?

Back 45

A biopsy of the endometrial tissue can be done in office, or an operation (D&C, dilation and curettage) can be performed

Front 46

When are endometrial biopsies important?

Back 46

In women over 40 to test for endometrial cancer

Front 47

With bleeding disorders what should be ruled out first?

Back 47

Pregnancy

Front 48

What is the most common cause for abnormal bleeding?

Back 48

Anovulation, a disorder of the hormones regulating ovulation

Front 49

What is the cause of anovulation?

Back 49

A disruption in the hypothalamic and pituitary system

Front 50

What is the hormonal imbalance in anovulation?

Back 50

A continued estrogen stimulation without a progesterone withdrawal

Front 51

Why is there heavy and irregular bleeding with anovulation?

Back 51

The endometrium fails to shed completely or regularly

Front 52

Why are those with anovulation at risk of endometrial cancer?

Back 52

Because of the chronic hyperstimulation of estrogen

Front 53

What are the universal criteria for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?

Back 53

There are no universal criteria

Front 54

What is the systemic cause of PCOS?

Back 54

A disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

Front 55

What are some common characteristics of PCOS?

Back 55

An abnormal menses due to anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin insensitivity (can lead to Type II diabetes), and obesity

Front 56

Medications and suggestions for PCOS

Back 56

Metformin has been found to be helpful even when not diabetic, oral contraceptives, exercise, and weight loss

Front 57

PCOS can often occur with Acathosis Nigricans, what is this?

Back 57

Dark, velvetly discolorations of skin folds: armpit, groin, neck

Front 58

What are some procedures that can generally be prescribed for abnormal bleeding?

Back 58

Hormonal regulation with oral contraceptives, D&C, hysteroscopy, endometrial ablation, hysterectomy

Front 59

What is endometriosis?

Back 59

When the endometrium, lining of the uterus, is found elsewhere in the body

Front 60

What are some theories for the cause of endometriosis?

Back 60

Retrograde menses (flow goes inward instead of out), lymphatic or vascular spread, metaplasia (abnormal change) of lining of abdomen