Fed Uni - Human Biology

Front 1

Define Leukocytes

Back 1

Leukocytes (White blood cells) are cells of the Immune system involved in defending the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders

Front 2

Name 5 types of WBC's

Back 2

Neutrophils

Macrophages/Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

Lymphocytes

Front 3

Name the functions and characteristics of Neutrophils

Back 3

FUNCTIONS

- Phagocytosis (engulf and digest invading bacteria).

- First to site of infection

- Release hormone like compounds that cause inflammation and attract other WBC's to injury site

CHARACTERISTICS

- Nucleus with 2-5 lobes

- pH neutral granules

Front 4

Name the functions and characteristics of Macrophages/Monocytes

Back 4

FUNCTIONS

- Monocytes in circulation tissue resident monocytes differentiate into:

- Macrophages (fixed or free)

+ Aggressive phagocytes

+ Release chemicals to attract other WBC's

- Fibrinocytes form scar tissue to seal off injury site

CHARACTERISTICS

- Large cells

- Bean or kidney shaped nucleus

Front 5

Name the functions and characteristics of Eosinophils

Back 5

FUNCTIONS

- Exocytose cytotoxic chemicals onto things too large to engulf (eg, roundworms and flukes)

- Prevent inflammation by releasing enzymes

CHARACTERISTICS

- Granules stain red with Eosin dye

- Bilobed nucleus

Front 6

Name the functions and characteristics of Basophils

Back 6

FUNCTIONS

- Cross capillary endothelium at site of injury

- Release chemicals into interstitium:

+ Histamine - Dilates blood vessels

+ Heparin - Prevents blood clotting

CHARACTERISTICS

- Granules stain darkly with basic dyes

Front 7

Name the functions and characteristics of Lymphocytes and the 3 subgroups

Back 7

FUNCTIONS

- Immunosurveillance

- 3 types

+ Natural Killer (NK) cells - Detect and Kill abnormal cells

+ T cells (Thymus dependant) - Regulate immune responses, kill abnormal cells

+ B cells (Bone-marrow derived) - Produces antibodies

CHARACTERISTICS

- Small cells, thin crescent of cytoplasm, large round nucleus

Front 8

Hemocytoblasts produce two types of cell lineages. What are they and what type of cells do they end up producing?

Back 8

MYELOID STEM CELLS produce:

- Erythrocytes (RBC's)

- Platelets

LYMPHOID STEM CELLS produce:

- WBC's

+ Neutrophils

+ Macrophages/Monocytes

+ Eosinophils

+ Basophils

+ Lymphocytes

Front 9

Define the Lymphoid system

Back 9

Collection of tissue and organs composed of lymphoid tissue that provide the structural basis of the immune system

Front 10

Describe the anatomy of the Lymphoid system from capillary to venous systems and indicate their physiological roles

Back 10

ISN'T THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM JUST ORGANS AND TISSUE? DOES HE MEAN THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Front 11

Name the 3 types of Lymphocytes

Back 11

1. Natural Killer (NK) cells

2. T cells (Thymus dependant)

3. B cells (Bone-marrow derived)

Front 12

What do NK cells do? Where are they produced and where do they mature?

Back 12

- Produced in BM

- Mature in BM, LN's, Spleen, thymus and tonsils

- Do not need to recognise a specific antigen to kill infected or diseased cell

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNP1EAYLhOs

Front 13

What do T cells do? Where are they produced and where do they mature?

Back 13

- Identify infected cells and regulate immune response

- Produced in BM

- Mature in Thymus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO6qmpApyDM

Front 14

What do B cells do? Where are they produced and where do they mature?

Back 14

- Produce Antibodies

- Produced in BM

- Mature in Bone

Front 15

List the 5 different types of Lymphoid tissue

Back 15

WHAT IS HE TALKING ABOUT?!

Front 16

List the Primary and Secondary Lymphoid organs and 2 other lymphoid tissues

Back 16

PRIMARY

- Thymus

SECONDARY

- Lymph nodes

- Spleen

OTHER

- Tonsils

- MALT

Front 17

Describe and list the functions of the Thymus

Back 17

- Site of T cell maturation, leave via efferent blood vessels

- Highly active during early life

- Precursors enter thymus and move to cortex

- As they mature they move towards medulla

Front 18

Describe and list the functions of the Lymph Nodes

Back 18

- Small organs embedded in connective tissue

- Provides proliferation site for lymphocytes

- Vantage point for macrophages and lymphocytes

- Filters microbes from lymph fluid

Front 19

List the organisation of a lymph node from outermost to innermost layer

Back 19

Cortex > Deep Cortex > Medulla

Front 20

Describe and list the functions of Spleen

Back 20

- Largest lymphoid organ

- proliferation site for lymphocytes and immune surveillance and response

- Filters pathogens and antigens from blood

- Destroys old/damaged RBC's and recycles ions

- Blood percolates through cellular meshwork sinuses lined by fixed and free macrophages which can engulf pathogens

Front 21

Distinguish between the body's specific and non-specific defence systems

Back 21

SPECIFIC

The body's adaptive immune system?

- Highly specific

- multiple responses

- Improves with re-exposure

- Has memory

- 2-3 day response

- 2nd line of defence

NON-SPECIFIC

The body's innate immune system

- Immediate response

- Never changing

- 1st line of defence

- restricted recognition of pathogens

- 1st line of defence

Front 22

List the 7 forms of innate immunity (non-specific)

Back 22

1. Physical barriers

2. Phagocytes
3. NK cells (Immunological surveillance)
4. Interferons

5. Complement system
6. Inflammatory response

7. Fever

Front 23

List the function of physical barriers of the innate immune system

Back 23

Prevent the approach of and deny access to pathogens

Front 24

List the function of Phagocytes of the innate immune system

Back 24

Remove debris and pathogens

Front 25

List the function of NK cells of the innate immune system

Back 25

Immunosurveillance - NK cells destroy abnormal cells

Front 26

List the function of interferons of the innate immune system

Back 26

Increase resistance of cells to viral infections and slows the spread of diseaseList the function of physical barriers of the innate immune system

Front 27

List the function of complement system of the innate immune system

Back 27

Attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes, and stimulates inflammation

Front 28

List the function of the inflammatory response of the innate immune system

Back 28

Increases blood flow, permeability of capillaries and activates phagocytes

Front 29

List the function of fever of the innate immune system

Back 29

Mobilises defences, accelerates repairs, inhibits pathogens

Front 30

List the 4 properties of adaptive immunity

Back 30

1. Specificity

2. Versatility

3. Memory

4. Tolerance

Front 31

Describe the function of T and B cells

Back 31

T CELLS

Recognise MHC antigen presented on the phagocyte membrane

BLABLABLA - boring

Front 32

Distinguish between antigens and antibodies

Back 32

ANTIBODY

Large Y-shape protein produced by B cells that identify foreign objects. Each antibody specifically identifies a different antigen

ANTIGEN

Any foreign substance that can illicit an immune response.