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12 Cards in this Set

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Rejecting an argument because the person advancing it fails to practice what he or she preaches.

"Who are you to talk" or "Tu Quoque Fallacy

Doctor: You should quit smoking. It'd a serious health risk.




Patient: Look who's talking! I'll quit when you quit

An arguer tries to sidetrack his or her audience by raising an irrelevant issue and then claims that the original issue has effectively been settled by the irrelevant diversion

The Red Herring Fallacy

"I think there is great merit in making the requirements stricter for the graduate students. I recommend that you support it, too. After all, we are in a budget crisis and we do not want our salaries affected."

Someone distorts or caricatures an opponent's arguments or views, and then attacks the weakened version rather than the real argument

The Strawmen Fallacy

A: it is important to teach teenagers about contraceptive methods, so they can use them for safe intercourse.


B: people who support sex education just want to give children a license to have sex without facing any consequences

Rejecting someone's argument by attacking the person rather than evaluating their arguments on its merits.

The Ad Hominem or "At the Person" Fallacy

A: I believe abortion is wrong.


B: Of course you would say that you are a priest.


A: What about the arguments I gave to support my position?


B: Those don't count, like I said you are a priest, so you have to say abortion is wrong. So I can't believe what you say.

Relying upon the view of apparent (as opposed to genuine) authorities to settle the truth of a statement or argument.

Fallacious appeal to authority

Well, Isaac Newton trusted in Alchemy, do you suppose you know more than Isaac Newton?

Arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole. (all of the parts of the object 0 have the property P. Therefore, 0 has the property P.

The Fallacy of composition

A tiger eats more food than a human being. Therefore, tigers, as a group, ear more food than do all the humans on the earth.

Arguing that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts (the opposite of the Fallacy of composition: object O has the property ap. Therefore all parts of the object O have the property P)

The Fallacy of Division

Men are, on average taller than women. Therefore Tim is taller than Maria Sharapova.

A key word is used in two or more senses in the same argument and the apparent success of the argument depends on the shift in meaning.

Equivocation

All child-murderers are inhuman, thus no child murderer is human.

Arguing a claim must be true because lots of people believe it.

Appeal to popularity

Lots of individuals purchased this collection so it must be great.

Appeal to how long something has been believed.

Appeal to tradition

Of course this mode of government is the best. We have had this government for over 200 years and no one has talked about changing it in all that time. So it has got to be good.

When one individual utilises another individual's lack or information on a specific subject as proof that his or her own arguments are right.

Appeal to ignorance

You can't demonstrate that there aren't Martians living in caves on the surface of Mars, so it is sensible for me to accept there are.

An attempt to evoke feelings of pity or compassion when such feelings are not logically relevant to the arguer's conclusion.

Appeals to emotion

The new Ultraskinny diet will make you feel great. No longer be troubled by your weight. Enjoy the admiring stares of the opposite sex. Revel in your freedom from fat. You will know true happiness if you try our diet!