Fa Med - Small Ruminant Ophthalmology

Front 1

Ruminant eye
-unique anatomy

Back 1

-horizontal pupil
-dorsal & ventral pupillary ruff

Front 2

Camelid eye
-unique anatomy

Back 2

-atapetal

Front 3

Swine eye
-unique anatomy

Back 3

-upper lacrimal punctum
-round pupil when dilated
-atapetal

Front 4

Pupillary ruff
-function

Back 4

-light shielding effect

Front 5

Animal

Back 5

Bovine

Front 6

Animal

Back 6

Goat

Front 7

Animal

Back 7

Pig

Front 8

Animal

Back 8

Sheep

Front 9

Appearance of what structure is useful for systemic disease assessment and diagnosis?

Back 9

-conjunctiva

Front 10

Conjunctival chemosis
-due to

Back 10

-hypoproteinemia
-Haemonchus contortus in sheep

Front 11

Conjunctival hemorrhage
-due to

Back 11

-thrombocytopenia
-coagulopathies
-septicemia

Front 12

Subconjunctival hemorrhage that often solve without therapy is seen where?

Back 12

-newborn calves following birth trauma

Front 13

Thrombocytopenia
-some causes

Back 13

-autoimmune
-drug reactions
-others

Front 14

Conjunctiva color causes
-pale
-yellow
-brown blood in vessels
-purple vessels
-bright red vessels

Back 14

-pale = anemia
-yellow = icterus
-brown blood in vessels = nitrate poisoning
-purple vessels = cyanotic conditions (patient turns blue)
-bright red vessels = cyanide toxicity

Front 15

Microphthalmia
-cause

Back 15

Generally unknown
-bluetongue (sheep)
-toxin
-nutrition
-environmental
-possibly inherited

Front 16

Microphthalmia
-describe

Back 16

-small globe of eye, with other eye abnormalities usually present (microcornea, cataract, staphylomas, etc.)

Front 17

Staphyloma
-define

Back 17

-abnormal protrusion of uveal tissue through a weak point in the eye

Front 18

Diagnose

Back 18

-microphthalmia with cataract

Front 19

Bluetongue virus
-mode of transmission

Back 19

-Culicoides sp.
-non-contagious

Front 20

Bluetongue virus
-ocular signs

Back 20

-blepharitis and conjunctivitis in adult sheep
-structural abnormalities in lambs
-concurrent blindness, chorioretinitis, retinal dysplasia

Front 21

Bluetongue virus
-treatment

Back 21

-symptomatic care

Front 22

Bluetongue virus
-most common ocular sign
-describe

Back 22

-retinal dysplasia
-retina has folds that look like grey linear lines on exam

Front 23

Bluetongue virus
-species affected

Back 23

-sheep
-cattle

Front 24

Hydrocephalus
-effect on eyes

Back 24

-strabismus (eye deviation)
-brain pushes eyes down and out
-other ocular abnormalities concurrently

Front 25

Albinism
-clinical sign

Back 25

-pink irises (void of pigment, thin)
-photophobia, blepharospasm, nystagmus

Front 26

Congenital ocular conditions

Back 26

-microphthalmia
-veratrum californicum
-bluetongue
-hydrocephalus
-albinism

Front 27

Veratrum californicum
-aka

Back 27

-skunk cabbage

Front 28

Veratrum californicum
-cause of toxicity

Back 28

-plant alkaloids consumed by dam on day 14 of gestation (when eye is developing)

Front 29

Veratrum californicum
-animal affected

Back 29

-sheep

Front 30

Veratrum californicum
-effects

Back 30

-cyclopia
-synophtalmos
-anopthalmos

Front 31

-condition
-cause

Back 31

-synophthalmia
-Veratrum californicum

Front 32

Eyelid inversion
-aka

Back 32

-entropion

Front 33

Entropion
-effects

Back 33

Skin/hair irritating eye
-squinting, tearing
-corneal ulceration and keratitis
-blindness (severe cases)

Front 34

Entropion
-lid more commonly affects

Back 34

-lower lid

Front 35

Entropion
-animal common in

Back 35

-lambs

Front 36

Entropion
-cause

Back 36

-congenital
-early onset
-inherted (don't breed)

Front 37

Entropion
-types
-causes

Back 37

Primary entropion
-congenital/anatomical

Secondary entropion
-enophthalmus (profound dehydration*, emaciation)
-Spastic entropion = pain (corneal/conjunctival disease)
-Cicatrical = scarring

Front 38

Entropion
-treatment

Back 38

Temporary eversion (young animals)
-vertical mattress tacking suture
-metal clips or skin staples
-eyelid injection of an irritating antibiotic (penicillin) to cause granuloma formation and scarring; not in small animals and horses

Surgical correction
-if persistent when animal is mature
-Hotz-Celsus

Front 39

Eyelid laceration
-repair is necessary when?

Back 39

-functional or cosmetic concern

Front 40

Eyelid laceration
-treatment

Back 40

-Prompt closure with minimal debridement
-high vascularization

Surgery
-examine globe for injury
-cleanse with dilute betadine
-2-layer closure with figure 8 at eyelid margin
-absorbable suture material

Front 41

Blepharitis
-define

Back 41

-inflammation/swelling of eyelids

Front 42

Blepharitis
-causes

Back 42

Ocular problem or rubbing?

-parasite
-bacterial
-fungal
-viral
-other

Front 43

Blepharitis
-parasitic causes

Back 43

-Demodex caprae
-Sarcoptes scabiei (ruminants)
-Elaeophora schneideri (sheep)

Front 44

Blepharitis
-bacterial causes

Back 44

-dermatophilosis (ruminants, swine) -->rain scald
-Clostridium novyi --> eyelid edema

Front 45

Blepharitis
-fungal causes

Back 45

Dermatophytosis (goats)
-Trichophyton verrucosum (ruminants)
-Trichophyton ovis (sheep)
-Microsporum nanum (pigs)

Front 46

Dermatophytosis
-signs

Back 46

-dry/crusty periocular alopecia
-non-pruritic

Front 47

Dermatophytosis
-treatment

Back 47

-herd

-zoonotic

Front 48

Blepharitis
-viral causes

Back 48

-capripox virus
-blue tongue (sheep)
-papillomatosis (cattle, sheep)
-contagious ecthyma aka orf --> zoonotic

Front 49

Blepharitis
-"other" causes

Back 49

-photosensitization
-zinc deficiency
-beta mannosidosis

Front 50

Keratoconjunctivitis
-main causes in sheep and goats

Back 50

-Chlamydophila sp.*
-Mycoplasma sp.*
-Oestrus ovis

Front 51

Keratoconjunctivitis
-differentials

Back 51

-environment (dust, pollen, fumes)
-mechanical irritation
-foreign body
-other

Front 52

Most common Chlamydophila causing keratoconjunctivitis

Back 52

-Chlamydophila pecorum (type 2)

Front 53

Chlamydophila pecorum
-types

Back 53

-Type 1 = enzootic abortion
-Type 2 = no abortion

Front 54

Chlamydophila pecorum
-transmission

Back 54

Direct (contagious)
-feed bunkers, poor ventilation, overcrowding, dry conditions
-following stress (lambing, nursing)
-found in body secretions

Front 55

Chlamydophila sp.
-signalment

Back 55

-1-6 mo. age (feedlot lamb disease)

Front 56

Chlamydophila sp.
-clinical signs

Back 56

-conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
-photophobia
-polyarthritis (sheep)
-corneal ulceration (uncommon)

Front 57

Chlamydophila sp.
-clinical course

Back 57

2-4 wks
-medical costs and production losses

Front 58

Chlamydophila sp.
-associated problems

Back 58

-recumbency
-fever
-polyarthritis

Front 59

Chlamydophila sp.
-diagnostics

Back 59

-clinical presentation
-conjunctival scraping (intracytoplasmic, basophilic inclusions)
-fluorescent antibody test

Front 60

Chlamydophila sp.
-treatment

Back 60

-oxytetracycline (SQ 48 hrs)
-Flunixin
-Topicals (terramycin)

-quarantine infected

Front 61

Chlamydophila sp.
-prevention

Back 61

-closed herd for isolation
-isolate new stock
-fly control

Front 62

Mycoplasma sp. that cause keratoconjunctivitis

Back 62

-M. conjunctivae var capri
-M. mycoides var ovis
-M. capricolum

Front 63

Mycoplasma causing keratoconjunctivitis
-signalment

Back 63

-more common in kids than adults
-hand reared kids with poor quality colostrum

Front 64

Mycoplasma causing keratoconjunctivitis
-clinical signs

Back 64

-polyarthritis
-pleuropneumonia
-keratoconjunctivitis
-mastitis

Front 65

Mycoplasma causing keratoconjunctivitis
-diagnosis

Back 65

-clinical signs
-epidemiology (keratoconjunctivitis, polyarthritis)
-culture
-response to treatment

Front 66

Mycoplasma causing keratoconjunctivitis
-treatment

Back 66

-oxytetracycline
-tylosin

Front 67

Uvea
-3 parts

Back 67

-iris
-ciliary body
-choroid

Front 68

Uveitis
-etiological differentials

Back 68

-sepsis
-listeriosis
-Mycoplasma sp.
-Toxoplasmosis sp.
-Elaeophorosis sp.
-Thiamine deficiency
-Caprine arthritis encephalitis
-Trypanosomiasis
-Blunt trauma
-Retroviral diseases
-Toxic
-Trauma

Front 69

Infectious diseases with ocular signs

Back 69

-Botulism
-Listeriosis
-Neonatal septicemia
-Tetanus

Front 70

Botulism
-etiology

Back 70

-Clostridium botulinum

Front 71

Botulism
-mechanism of action

Back 71

-toxin prevents release of Ach

Front 72

Botulism
-clinical signs

Back 72

-mydriasis
-decreased PLR
-ascending limb paralysis
-flaccid paralysis
-salivation

Front 73

Listeriosis
-etiology

Back 73

-Listeria monocytogenes (zoonotic)

Front 74

Listeriosis
-clinical signs

Back 74

-facial nerve paralysis
-KCS
-keratitis
-purulent endophthalmitis
-corneal ulcer

Cattle --> ocular lesions are most common

Front 75

Neonatal septicemia
-clinical signs

Back 75

-red eye
-fibrin clots in anterior chamber
-hypopyon
-hyphema

Front 76

Hypopyon
-definition

Back 76

-white blood cells settled out in the anterior chamber of the eye

Front 77

Hyphema
-define

Back 77

-hemorrhage into the anterior chamber of the eye

Front 78

Tetanus
-etiology

Back 78

-Clostridium tetani

Front 79

Tetanus
-mechanism of action

Back 79

-tetanosporum toxin prevents inhibitory neurotransmission to motor neurons

Front 80

Tetanus
-clinical signs

Back 80

-stiffness, spasticity, paralysis
-sawhorse stance
-retraction of ears/lips
-elevation of tail
-retraction of globe
-prolapse of 3rd eyelid
-bloat
-death

Front 81

Retinal degeneration
-possibly inherited in what species

Back 81

-cattle
-goat

Front 82

Retinal degeneration
-acquired causes

Back 82

-chronic inflammatory disease
-Plant toxicity
-Vitamin A deficiency

Front 83

Plants causing retinal degeneration

Back 83

-Bracken fern
-Locoweed

Front 84

Vitamin A deficiency
-clinical signs

Back 84

-night blindness
-corneal ulcers
-lacrimation
-retinal degeneration (persistence)

Front 85

Signs of retinal degeneration

Back 85

-hyperreflective tapetum
-depigmentation of non-tapetum
-thin vessels

Front 86

Central (cortical) blindness
-causes

Back 86

-lead poisoning
-Polioencephalomalacia
-Pregnancy toxemia
-CNS abscess
-Larval stage of Taenia multiceps
-Listeria sp.
-Hydrocephalus
-Scrapie
-Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
-Toxins (Brassica, Arsenic)

Front 87

Polioencephalomalacia
-due to

Back 87

-thiamine deficiency

Front 88

Duct/Punctal atresia
-treatment

Back 88

-surgical repair (create a patent duct with a stylet)

Front 89

Camelid Blepharitis and Keratoconjunctivitis
-causes

Back 89

Bacterial agents
-Thelazia sp.

Front 90

Swine Blepharitis and Keratoconjunctivitis
-causes

Back 90

-Mycoplasma sp.
-Chlamydophila sp.
-Pseudorabies
-Hog cholera

Front 91

Camelid corneal ulcer
-treatment

Back 91

-Medical w/ SPL
-surgical w/ conjunctival graft