Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Challenge of treating food animals
|
-relatively few approved drugs
|
|
What does a lack of approved drugs mean for food animal medicine?
|
-need to use drugs extralabel
|
|
AMDUCA
-define -purpose |
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act
-legalize extralabel drug use in veterinary medicine and place constraints on extralabel drug use |
|
Differences in the veterinarian-client-patient relationship between companion animals and food animals
|
-herds
-producers not always on site -long distances to travel |
|
3 main points of the veterinarian-client-patient relationship with concern to ELDU
|
Responsibility: veterinarian has the responsibility of making medical judgements regarding animal health and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to the vets instructions
Knowledge: enough knowledge of the animals by the vet to initiate a preliminary diagnosis of the medical condition Follow-up: vet is readily available for follow-up in case of an adverse reaction of failure of regimen |
|
Reasons for medical treatment
|
-treatment of disease (individual, metaphylaxis, prophylaxis)
-disease mitigation -alleviation of pain -production enhancement -management |
|
Reasons for medical treatment that don't allow for ELDU
|
-production enhancement
-management |
|
Metaphylaxis
-define |
-disease is present and you want to keep it from spreading
|
|
Prophylaxis
-define |
-prevent the disease from entering the herd in the first place
|
|
Drugs prohibited from extralabel use in food producing animals
|
-chloramphenicol
-clenbuterol -dipyrone -diethylstilbestrol -nitrofurans & nitroimidazoles -glycopeptides |
|
Chloramphenicol
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-causes aplastic anemia which is fatal
|
|
Clenbuterol
-use |
-partitions calories toward muscle and not fat
|
|
Clenbuterol
-reason why it can't be used extralabel |
-sympathomimetic effects
|
|
Dipyrone
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-non-dose dependent teratogenic effects
-blood dyscrasias |
|
Diethylstilboestrol
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in women exposed as fetuses
|
|
Nitrofurans and Nitroimidazoles
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-potential carcinogen via DNA interaction
-lack of a reliable way to detect nitrofurans |
|
Glycopeptides
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-antimicrobial resistance
|
|
Drugs prohibited from use in poultry, chickens, ducks
-why |
--amantadine
-neuraminidase inhibitors these are antiviral drugs that are used for treating and preventing influenza A. do not want resistance to develop |
|
Drug prohibited in lactating dairy cow
-why |
Sulfonamides (except sulfadimethoxine)
-residues detected in a large number of commercial milk sample and lab testing has shown carcinogenic effects |
|
Drugs prohibited from use in female cattle 20 months of age or older
-why |
Phenylbutazone
-blood dyscrasias -carcinogen -serum-sickness-type hypersensitivity |
|
Drugs prohibited in food animals except for approved uses
-why |
-Fluoroquinolones
-Cephalosporins antimicrobial resistance |
|
Aminoglycoside use in food animals
-explain |
-not prohibited from use but discouraged because it has a very long half-life in the kidneys
-withdrawal time: up to 18 mo. |
|
Drugs that can't be found near a dairy due to the Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
|
-DMSO
-Colloidal silver FDA not involved |
|
Why is pain management difficult to achieve in food producing animals?
|
-few approved drugs (ELDU necessary)
-large volumes needed ($$$) |
|
Objectives of therapeutic pain management
|
-pre-emptive control of induced pain
-emergency management of severe, acute pain -management of chronic pain -management of pain due to inflammation |
|
Possible routes of administration
|
-Parenteral (IV, IM, SC)
-Oral -Local -Intra-articular -Epidural |
|
Why is route of administration important?
|
-who's going to give the drug
-what skills do they have -what is the practicality of giving the drugs |
|
Drugs available for therapeutic treatment of pain
|
NSAIDs
-aspirin* -flunixin meglumine* -ketoprofen -phenylbutazone Narcotic analgesics -morphine -meperidine -buprenorphine -butorphanol Alpha2-agonists -xylazine -medetomidine Local anesthetics Tranquilizers General Anesthetics |
|
When to use NSAIDs in treating pain therapeutically
|
-Pre-emptive analgesia (ex: castration)
-pain from inflammation (ex: mastitis, osteoarthritis) |
|
Aspirin
-formulation available for use |
-only oral
-injectables have to be compounded |
|
Aspirin
-whithdrawal time |
-Zero
|
|
Aspirin
-efficacy |
-possibly not effective for severe pain
|
|
Aspirin
-half-life |
-short (< 1 hr)
|
|
Flunixin meglumine
-good to use for what pain |
-visceral pain
|
|
Flunixin meglumin
-problem with IM injection |
-extralabel
-tissue damage -prolonged absorption -violative residues |
|
Phenylbutazone
-good for what kind of pain |
-musculoskeletal pain
|
|
Phenylbutazone
-pharmacokinetics |
-prolonged half-life
-low clearance in neonatal animals -crosses blood-placental barrier |
|
Phenylbutazone
-illegal for use where |
-in lactating dairy cattle
|
|
Cox-2 specific inhibitors
-example drugs |
-carprofen
-etodolac |
|
Cox-2 specific inhibitors
-problem |
-something specific for cox-2 in one species may not be specific for cox-2 in another species
|
|
Narcotic analgesics for food animals
-drugs -route of administration |
-morphine (epidural)
-butorphanol (parenteral) -meperidine (parenteral) -buprenorphine (parenteral) |
|
Narcotic analgesics
-problems with use in food animals |
-rumen stasis
-limited availability (scheduled) |
|
Alpha-2 agonists
-use in food animals |
-epidural: inhibits norepinephrine but does not interfere with motor neuron activity, providing analgesia without sedation. (good for standing procedures)
-parenteral: sedation |
|
Alpha-2 agonists
-advantage for use in food animals |
-reversible
|
|
Alpha-2 agonist
-drug |
xylazine
|
|
xylazine
-side-effects |
-cardiac instability
-prolonged recumbency (lead to downer cow) -rumen stasis -stress to unborn calves (oxytotic) -ruminants are very susceptible to small doses |
|
Considerations when choosing to use drugs extralabel in food animals
|
-therapeutic objectives
-economic considerations -ease of administration -potential for violative residues |