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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the GI regulatory and secretory substances released in the stomach? |
Regulatory:
- Gastrin Secretory: - Intrinsic Factor - Gastric acid - Pepsin - HCO3- |
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What are the GI regulatory and secretory substances released in the duodenum?
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Regulatory:
- Cholecystokinin - Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide - Motilin - Secretin - VIP Secretory: - HCO3- |
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What are the GI regulatory and secretory substances released in the jejunum?
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Regulatory:
- Cholecystokinin - Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide - Motilin - VIP |
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What are the GI regulatory and secretory substances released in the ileum?
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Regulatory:
- Motilin - VIP |
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What is the source of Cholecystokinin?
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I cells (duodenum and jejunum)
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What is the source of Gastrin?
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G cells (antrum of stomach)
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What is the source of Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide?
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K cells (duodenum and jejunum)
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What is the source of Motilin?
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Small intestine
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What is the source of Secretin?
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S cells (duodenum)
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What is the source of Somatostatin?
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D cells (pancreatic islets and GI mucosa)
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What is the source of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)?
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- Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters
- Gallbladder - Small intestine |
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What is the source of Intrinsic Factor?
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Parietal cells in stomach
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What is the source of gastric acid?
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Parietal cells in stomach
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What is the source of Pepsin?
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Chief cells in stomach
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What is the source of HCO3-?
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- Mucosal cells in stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas
- Brunner glands in duodenum |
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What is secreted from I cells? Location? Action?
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Cholecystokinin - duodenum and jejunum
- ↑ pancreatic secretion - ↑ gallbladder contraction - ↓ gastric emptying - ↑ sphincter of Oddi relaxation |
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What is secreted from G cells? Location? Action?
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Gastrin - antrum of stomach
- ↑ gastric H+ secretion - ↑ growth of gastric mucosa - ↑ gastric motility |
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What is secreted from K cells? Location? Action?
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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide - duodenum and jejunum
- Exocrine: ↓ gastric H+ secretion - Endocrine: ↑ insulin release |
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What is the action of Motilin? Source?
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Motilin - small intestine
- Produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs) |
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What is secreted from S cells? Location? Action?
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Secretin - duodenum
- ↑ pancreatic HCO3- secretion - ↓ gastric acid secretion - ↑ bile secretion |
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What is secreted from D cells? Location? Action?
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Somatostatin - pancreatic islets and GI mucosa
- ↓ gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion - ↓ pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion - ↓ gallbladder contraction - ↓ insulin and glucagon release |
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What is the action of Nitric Oxide in the GI tract?
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↑ smooth muscle relaxation, including LES
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What is the action of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)? Source?
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Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, and small intestine: |
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What is secreted from Parietal cells? Location? Action?
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Intrinsic Factor - stomach
- Vitamin B12 binding protein (required for B12 uptake in terminal ileum) Gastric Acid - stomach - ↓ stomach pH |
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What is secreted from Chief cells? Location? Action?
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Pepsin - stomach
- Protein digestion |
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What is secreted from mucosal cells and Brunner glands? Location? Action?
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HCO3-
- Mucosal cells in stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, and pancreas - Brunner glands in duodenum - Acts to neutralize acid |
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Which regulatory substance ↑ pancreatic secretion, ↑ gallbladder contraction, ↓ gastric emptying, and ↑ sphincter of Oddi relaxation? Source? Regulation? Other?
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- Cholecystokinin (from I cells in duodenum and jejunum)
- Regulation: ↑ by fatty acids and amino acids - CCK acts on neural muscarinic pathways to cause pancreatic secretion |
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Which regulatory substance ↑ gastric H+ secretion, ↑ growth of gastric mucosa, and ↑ gastric motility? Source? Regulation? Other?
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- Gastrin (from G cells in antrum of stomach)
- Regulation: ↑ by stomach distention/alkalinization, amino acids, peptides, and vagal stimulation; ↓ if stomach pH <1.5 - Phenylalanine and troptophan are potent stimulators - Gastrin ↑↑ in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome - Gastrin ↑ by chronic PPI use |
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Which regulatory substance ↓ gastric H+ secretion (exocrine) and ↑ insulin release (endocrine)? Source? Regulation? Other?
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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (aka Gastric Inhibitory Peptide = GIP)
- From K cells in duodenum and jejunum - Regulation: ↑ by fatty acids, amino acids, and oral glucose - Oral glucose load is used more rapidly than the equivalent given by IV due to GIP secretion |
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Which regulatory substance produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)? Source? Regulation? Other?
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Motilin - from small intestine
- Regulation: ↑ in fasting state - Motilin receptor agonists (eg, erythromycin) are used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis |
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Which regulatory substance ↑ pancreatic HCO3-, ↓ gastric acid secretion, and ↑ bile secretion? Source? Regulation? Other?
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Secretin - from S cells in duodenum
- Regulation: ↑ by acid and fatty acids in lumen of duodenum - ↑ HCO3- neutralizes gastric acid in duodenum, allowing pancreatic enzymes to function |
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Which regulatory substance ↓ gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion, ↓ pancreatic and SI fluid secretion, ↓ GB contraction, and ↓ insulin and glucagon release? Source? Regulation? Other?
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Somatostatin - from D cells in pancreatic islets and GI mucosa |
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Which regulatory substance ↑ smooth muscle relaxation including that of the LES? Other?
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Nitric Oxide
- Loss of NO secretion is implicated in ↑ LES tone of achalasia |
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Which regulatory substance ↑ intestinal water and electrolyte secretion and ↑ relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters? Source? Regulation? Other?
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Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) |
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What is WDHA syndrome?
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Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria: |
