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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gene for patterning along AP axis?
|
Sonic Hedgehog gene
|
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Gene needed for proper organization along Dorsal-Ventral Axis?
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Wnt-7 gene
|
|
gene for lengthening of limbs?
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FGF gene
|
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Gene for segmental organization of embryo in Craniocaudal direction?
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Homeobox Gene
|
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When is there fetal movement and the fetus starts to resemble a baby?
|
week 8
|
|
When do fetus genitalia have male/female characteristics?
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Week 10
|
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Day 2- group of cells is called?
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Zygote
|
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Day 3- group of cells is called?
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Morula
|
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Day 5 group of cells is called?
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Blastocyst
|
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On what day does the blastocyst implant?
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Day 6
|
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Neural Plate gives rise to ________and _________.
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Neural Tube
Neural Crest Cells |
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Notochord becomes ______________in adults.
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Nucleus Propulsus of SC
|
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When is the bilaminar disk formed?
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Week 2
|
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When is Gastrulation?
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Week 3----3 germ layers= ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
|
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What develops during the 4th week?
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4 heart chambers
4 limb buds |
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When does the Primitive streak begin to form?
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Week 3
|
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When does the Notochord and Neural Plate begin to form?
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Week 3
|
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Embro deriv. of Adenohypophysis?
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Surface Ectoderm
|
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Embryo deriv. of Lens of the Eye?
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Surface Ectoderm
|
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Embryo deriv. of epithelial linings of the oral cavity, sensory organs of the ear, and olfactory epithelium?
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Surface Ectoderm
|
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Epidermis, saliva and sweat derived from ________.
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Surface Ectoderm
|
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Mammary glands are derived from _________.
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Surface Ectoderm
|
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Retina is derived from _________.
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Neuroectoderm
|
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SC is derived from __________.
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Neuroectoderm
|
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Brain is derived from __________.
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Neuroectoderm
|
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PNS is derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
|
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Melanocytes are derived from?
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Neural Crest cells
|
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Chromaffin cells of Adrenal Medulla and Parafolliculara cells of the Thyroid are derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
|
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Schwann cells are derived from?
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Neural Crest cells
|
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Pia and Arachnoid Mater are derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
|
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Aorticopulmonary Septum is derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
|
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Bones of the Skull are derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
|
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Odontoblasts are derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
|
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Gut tube epithelium is derived from?
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Endoderm
|
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thyroid follicular cells are derived from?
|
Endoderm
|
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Lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid cells, and thyroid follicular cells are derived from?
|
Endoderm
|
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Eustachian tube is derived from?
|
Mesoderm
|
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Kidneys and adrenal cortex are derived from?
|
Mesoderm
|
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testes and ovaries are derived from?
|
Mesoderm
|
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Blood is derived from?
|
Mesoderm
|
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Cardiovascular strx are derived from?
|
Mesoderm
|
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What is organ Malformation?
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Intrinsic disruption: occurs during embryonic period (weeks 3-8)
|
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What is organ Deformation?
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extrinsic disruption, occurs AFTER the embryonic period
|
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What is organ Agenesis?
|
absent organ due to absent primordial tissue
|
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What is Organ Hypoplasia?
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incomplete organ dev, primordial tissue present
|
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What is Organ Aplasia?
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Absent organ despite PRESENT primordial tissue
|
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When are teratogens most harmful to a fetus?
|
Weeks 3-8 (embryonic period)
|
|
ACE inhibitors effect on fetus?
|
Renal Damage
|
|
Alcohol effects on fetus?
|
LEADING cause of birth defects
LEADING cause of MR fetal alcohol Syndrome |
|
Alkylating agents effects on fetus?
|
absence of digits
multiple anomalies |
|
Aminoglycosides effects on fetus?
|
CN VIII toxicity
|
|
Cocaine effects on fetus?
|
abnormal fetal dev.
fetal addiction placental abruption |
|
DES effects on fetus?
|
Vaginal Clear cell adenocarcinoma
|
|
Folate antagonists effects on fetus?
|
Neural tube defects
|
|
Iodide (lack or excess) effects on fetus?
|
Congenital Goiter
Hypothyroidism |
|
Lithium effects on fetus?
|
Ebstein's Anomaly (atrialized RV)
|
|
Maternal diabetes effects on fetus?
|
Caudal Regression Syndrome (Anal Atresia to Sirenomelia)
|
|
Smoking effects on fetus?
|
Preterm labor
Placental problems IUGR ADHD |
|
Tetracyclines effects on fetus?
|
discolored teeth
|
|
Thalidomide effects on fetus?
|
Limb defects (flipper limbs)
|
|
Valproate effect on fetus?
|
Inhibition of intestinal folate absorption
|
|
Vitamin A excess effect on fetus?
|
Spontaneous abortions
Birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities) |
|
Warfarin effects on fetus?
|
bone deformities
fetal hemorrhage abortion |
|
Xrays, anticonvulsants effect on fetus?
|
Multiple anomalies
|
|
Leading cause of congenital malformations in the US?
|
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
|
|
Dizygotic or Monozygotic twin development BEFORE day 3. Describe the chorions, amniotic sacs, and placentas.
|
2 chorions
2 amniotic sacs 2 placentas |
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Monozygotic twin developement AFTER day 3. Describe the chorions, amniotic sacs, and placentas.
|
1 chorion
2 amniotic sacs 1 placenta |
|
Inner layer of Chorionic Villi?
|
Cytotrophoblast
|
|
outer layer of Chorionic VIlli?
|
Synctiotrophoblast
|
|
What part of the placenta secretes hCG?
|
Syncytiotrophoblast
|
|
What is the maternal component of the placenta?
|
Decidua Basalis
|
|
What returns deoxy. blood from the fetal internal iliac arteries to the placenta?
|
Umbilical Arteries (2)
|
|
What supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus? (drains into IVC)
|
Umbilical Vein
|
|
Umbilical arteries and veins are derived from _________.
|
Allantois
|
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Yolk sac forms _________, which becomes the urachus.
|
Allantois
|
|
What is the Urachus?
|
duct between bladder and yolk sac.
|
|
What is Patent Urachus?
|
failure of urachus to obliterate causing urine discharge from umbilicus
|
|
urine discharge from umbilicus?
|
Patent Urachus
|
|
outpouching of bladder due to failure of urachus to obliterate?
|
Vesicourachal diverticulum
|
|
What is the fxn of the Vitelline duct?
|
connects yolk sac to midgut lumen
|
|
Meconium discharge from umbilicus?
|
Vitelline Fistula- failure of vitelline duct to close
|
|
partial closure of vitelline duct causing patent portion attached to ileum?
|
Meckel's Diverticulum
|
|
Melena and periumbilical pain?
|
Meckel's Diverticulum
|
|
Truncus Arteriosus forms _____________.
|
Ascending Aorta
Pulmonary Trunk |
|
Bulbus Cordis forms ________.
|
RV
smooth parts of (outflow tract) of LV and RV |
|
Primitive Ventricle forms _________.
|
LV
|
|
Primitive Atria forms __________.
|
Trabeculated LA and RA
|
|
Left horn of Sinus Venosus forms ____________.
|
Coronary Sinus
|
|
Right horn of Sinus Venosus forms ___________.
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Smooth part of RA
|
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Right Common Cardinal Vein and Right Ant. Cardinal Vein form __________.
|
SVC
|
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failure of Truncus Arteriosus to spiral?
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Transposition of Great Vessels
|
|
Skewed AP septum developement?
|
Tetralogy of Fallot
|
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Persistent Truncus Arteriosus?
|
partial AP septum developement
|
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growth of ___________, seperates atria and ventricles.
|
Endocardial cushions
|
|
Membranous septal defects cause ___________.
|
Left to Right Shunts= which will become R-L shunting (Eisenmenger complex)
|
|
Excessive resorption of septum primum and/or septum secundum?
|
Patent Foramen Ovale
|
|
Fetal erythropoiesis during weeks 3-8?
|
Yolk sac
|
|
Fetal Erythropoiesis during weeks 6-30?
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Liver
|
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Fetal Erythropoiesis during weeks 9-28?
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Spleen
|
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Fetal Erythropoiesis during weeks 28 onward?
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Bone Marrow
|
|
fetal hemoglobin?
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alpha2 gamma2
|
|
adult hemoglobin?
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alpha2 beta2
|
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Blood from the umbilical vein drains into the IVC. How does it bypass the hepatic circulation?
|
Ductus Venosus
|
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oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC , flows thru __________, and is pumped out of the aorta.
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Foramen Ovale
|
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Deoxygenated blood from teh SVC is expelled into the pulmonary A and __________to the lower body of the fetus.
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Ductus Arteriosus
|
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Baby's first breath increases O2 and thus decreases prostaglandins. What happens now?
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Closes the Ductus Arteriosus
|
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Baby's first breath causes a decrease in pulmonary vasculature resistance, and increase in LA pressure. What happens now?
|
Foramen Ovale closes
|
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WHat is given to a baby with a Patent Ductus arterisosus, in order to close it?
|
Indomethacin
|
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What keeps a Patent Ductus Arteriosus open?
|
Prostaglandins
|
|
Prosecephalon forms _____and _________.
|
Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
|
Mesencephalon forms the ________ and ______.
|
Midbrain
Aqueduct |
|
Rhombecephalon forms the _____ and _________ and ________.
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Metencephalon
Myelencephalon 4th ventricle |
|
Telencephalon forms the ______ and __________.
|
Cerebral Hemispheres
Lateral Ventricle |
|
Diencephalon froms the ________ and _______.
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Thalami
3rd ventricle |
|
Metencephalon forms the ____ and _________.
|
Pons
Cerebellum |
|
Myelencephalon forms the _______.
|
Medulla
|
|
When should the Neuropore fuse?
|
Week 4
|
|
INcrease in AFP and Acetylcholinesterase in CSF and increase in AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal serum?
|
Neural tube defect
|
|
failure of bony spinal canal to close (dura is intact)?
|
Spina Bfida Occulta
|
|
Neural tube defect where the meninges herniate thru the spinal canal defect?
|
Meningocele
|
|
Neural Tube defect where meninges and SC herniate thru the Spinal canal defect?
|
Myelomeningocele
|
|
Elevated AFP + Polyhdramnios?
|
Anencephaly
|
|
decreased seperation of hemispheres across the midline?
|
Holoprosencephaly
|
|
cyclopia is assoc. with what embryo anomaly?
|
Holoprosencephaly
|
|
What is assoc. with Patau's syndrome, severe Fetal Alcohol syndrome, and cleft lip/palate?
|
Holoprosencephaly
|
|
Cerevellar tonsillar herniation thru the Foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly?
|
Chiari II
|
|
large posterior fossa, absent cerebellar vermis, cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle?
|
Dandy Walker malformation
|
|
What posterior fossa malformation can lead to hydrocephalus and spina bfida?
|
Dandy Walker
|
|
What posterior fossa malformation is also seen with syringomyelia and thoracolumbar myelomeningocele
|
Chiari II
|
|
Enlargement of the central canal of the SC?
|
Syringomyelia
|
|
"cape like" bilateral loss of pain and temp. sensation in the UE's?
|
Syringomyelia
|
|
1st Aortic Arch derivative?
|
Maxillary A
|
|
2nd Aortic Arch deriv.?
|
Stapedial A
Hyoid A |
|
3rd Aortic Arch deriv.?
|
Common Carotid A
prox. part of Internal Carotid A |
|
4th Aortic Arch deriv.?
|
left= Aortic Arch
right= prox. part of R. Subclavian A |
|
6th Aortic Arch deriv.?
|
prox. part of pulmonary arteries
left= Ductus Arteriosus |
|
Branchial clefts are derived from?
|
Ectoderm
|
|
Brachial arches are deriv. from?
|
Mesoderm
|
|
Branchial pouches are deriv. from?
|
Endoderm
|
|
Brachial cleft develops into __________.
|
External Auditory meatus
|
|
Branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck?
|
Persistent cervical sinus
|
|
1st arch deriv.= Cartilage?
|
Meckel's Cartilage
Mandible Malleus & Incus sphenoMandibular Ligament |
|
1st arch= Muscles?
|
M. of Mastication
Mylohyoid ant. belly of Digastric tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue |
|
1st arch= Nerves?
|
CN V2
CN v3 |
|
1st pouch derivatives?
|
middle ear cavity
eustachian tube mastoid air cells |
|
1st Arch neural crest fails to migrate?
|
Treacher Collins- mandible hypoplasia and facial abnormalities
|
|
2nd Arch deriv.= Cartilage?
|
Reichert's Cartilage
Stapes Styloid process lesser horn of Hyoid Stylohyoid ligament |
|
2nd arch deriv= Muscles?
|
M. of Facial Expression
Stapedius Stylohyoid Posterior belly of Digastric |
|
2nd arch deriv= Nerves?
|
CN VII (facial expression)
|
|
2nd pouch derivatives?
|
Epithelial lining of Palatine Tonsil
|
|
3rd arch deriv. = Cartilage?
|
Greater horn of Hyoid
|
|
3rd arch= Muscles?
|
Stylopharyngeus
|
|
3rd arch= Nerves?
|
CN IX (stylopharyngeus)
|
|
3rd pouch derivatives?
|
Dorsal Wing= Inf.Parathyroid
Ventral WIng= Thymus |
|
Persistence of 3rd cleft and pouch?
|
Congenital Pharyngocutaneous Fistula- btwn tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck
|
|
4th and 6th arch deriv. = cartilage?
|
Thryoid
Cricoid Arytenoids Corniculate Cuneiform |
|
4th arch deriv.= Muscles?
|
most Pharyngeal Constrictors
Cricothryoid Levator Veli Palatini |
|
6th arch deriv= Muscles
|
all intrinsic muscles of Larynx (except cricothryoid)
|
|
4th pouch deriv.?
|
Dorsal wing= Superior Parathyroid
|
|
4th arch deriv.= nerves?
|
CN X (superior laryngeal branch)
|
|
6th arch deriv.= Nerves?
|
CN X (recurrent laryngeal)
|
|
What forms the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
|
3rd and 4th arch
|
|
Aberrant dev. of 3rd and 4th pouches?
|
DiGeorge Syndrome= T cell defcy and hypocalcemia
|
|
What nerves are responsible for Taste?
|
Solitary Nucleus (VII, IX, X)
|
|
Pain to the tongue?
|
CN V3, IX, X
|
|
Motor innervation to the tongue?
|
XII
|
|
Muscles of the tongue are deriv. from __________.
|
Occipital Myotomes
|
|
Thyroid diverticulum arises from?
|
floor of primitive pharynx
|
|
persistent Thryoid diverticulum?
|
Pyramidal lobe of Thyroid
|
|
remnant of Thryoglossal duct?
|
Foramen Cecum
|
|
Thryoid Diverticulum connected to the tongue via the ___________.
|
Foramen Cecum
|
|
Most common ectopic thryoid tissue site?
|
Tongue
|
|
cyst in midline neck?
|
Thryoglossal duct
|
|
cyst in lateral neck?
|
Persistent Cervical sinus
|
|
failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes?
|
Cleft Lip
|
|
failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and the median palatine process?
|
Cleft Palate
|
|
Foregut?
|
pharynx to duodenum
|
|
Midgut?
|
Duodenum to Transverse Colon
|
|
Hindgut?
|
distal Transverse colon to Rectum
|
|
failure of the Rostral fold closure?
|
Sternal defects
|
|
failure of the Lateral fold closure?
|
Omphalocele, Gastoschisis
|
|
Failure of Caudal fold closure?
|
bladder exstrophy
|
|
extrusion of abdominal contents thru abdominal folds, not covered by peritoneum?
|
Gastroschisis
|
|
Peristence of herniation of abddominal contents into umbilical cord, covered by peritoneum?
|
Omphalocele
|
|
During the 6th week, the midgut________________the umbilical ring.
|
HERNIATES thru
|
|
WHen does the midgut return to the abdominal cavity and rotate around the SMA?
|
10th week
|
|
abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea?
|
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
|
|
Palpable "olive" mass + nonbilious projectile vomit at 2 weeks of age?
|
Congenital Pyloric Stenosis (1/600 births, usually 1st male)
|
|
What is a Annular Pancreas?
|
ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles the 2nd part of the duodenum= forming a ring of pancreatic tissue= duodenal narrowing
|
|
What is Pancreas Divisum?
|
vental and Dorsal part fail to fuse at 8 weeks
|
|
What does the Spleen arise from?
|
Dorsal Mesentery (mesoderm), but is supplied by artery of the Foregut (Celiac A)
|
|
1st form of a kidney?
|
Pronephros- degenerates at week 4
|
|
Interim kidney for 1st trimester?
|
Mesonephros
|
|
permanent kidney that starts to form during week 5 and continues forming till weeks 32-36?
|
Metanephros
|
|
What is derived from the caudal end of the Mesonephros?
|
Ureteric Bud
|
|
What does the Ureteric Bud give rise to?
|
Ureter
Pelvises Calyces Collecting Ducts |
|
Ureteric bud interacts with Metanephric Mesenchyme to form ___________and ______________.
|
Glomerulus
Renal tubules to Distal Convoluted Tubules |
|
MC site of obstruction in the kidney?
|
Uteropelvic Jxn
|
|
Bilateral Renal agenesis?
|
Potter's Syndrome
|
|
Malformation of Ureteric Bud?
|
Potter's
|
|
INferior poles of both kidneys fuse?
|
Horseshoe Kidney
|
|
Horseshoe kidneys get trapped under __________.
|
Inferior Mesenteric A
|
|
Mesonephric duct degenerates and the paramesendophric duct develops?
|
Female developement
|
|
SRY gene on Y chromosome produces __________.
|
Testes
|
|
What is the fxn of Mullerian Inhibitory factor (secreted from Sertolli cells)?
|
suppresses dev. of Paramesonephric duct
|
|
increase in androgens released from Leydig cells give rise ______________.
|
dev. of Mesanephric Ducts
|
|
Wolffian duct develops into _________.
|
Male Internal Strx
|
|
Mullerian Duct develops into?
|
Female internal strx
|
|
Incomplete fusion of Paramesonephric ducts?
|
Bicornuate Uterus
|
|
Genital Tubercle + Estrogen?
|
Glans Clitoris
Vestibular bulbs |
|
Genital Tubercle + Dihydrotestosterone?
|
Glans Penis
Corpus Cavernosum Corpus Spongiosum |
|
Urogential Sinus form what in females?
|
Bartholin glands
Glands of Skene Labia Minora |
|
Urogenital Sinus form what in males?
|
Cowper's glands
Prostate gland Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) |
|
Labioscrotal swelling derivatives?
|
male= scrotum
female= labia majora |
|
failure of urethral folds to close?
|
Hypospadias
|
|
abnormal opening of penile urethra on inferior (ventral) side of penis?
|
Hypospadias
|
|
abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior (dorsal) side of penis?
|
Epispadias
|
|
faulty positioning of genital tubercle can cause?
|
Epispadias (assoc. with Exstrophy of the bladder)
|
|
Gubernaculum becomes what?
|
Female= ovarian ligament and round ligament
Male= anchors testes within scrotum |
|
Procesus Vaginalis (evagination of Peritoneum) becomes what?
|
Female= obliterated
male= Tunica Vaginalis |