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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Intro... 5 points |
1. ET is an account given by people of an event they have witnessed 2. Heavily relied upon in criminal cases 3. Used worldwide 4. Witnesses "impartial third party" so juries trust them 5. Problem cases: a. Luke Dougherty (1972) 2 witnesses, shoplifting, later cleared b. Laszlo Virag (1969) 8 witnesses, theft and firearm use, later exonerated and compensated |
1. What is it? 2. Heavy ________ on these during criminal cases 3. Used where? 4. Why do juries trust them? 5. Problem cases - Luke Dougherty 1972 and Laszlo Virag 1969. |
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What can influence ET? 4 points |
1. Memory reconstruction (memories like puzzles, not played) - Medwed 2015 "Our memories of what we see aren't static... they're elastic and malleable and change over time" 2. Lineup issues - unconscious prompting 3. Visual characteristics - hat, wig, etc. can lead to misidenticiation 4. Anxiety/stress - can alter perceptions of what was seen - weapons during crime |
1. Memory _________ (puzzles) Medwed 2015 2. L_______ issues 3. V___________ C_________ (disguise + misidentification) 4. S_____ - alters p__________ |
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Kirk Bloodsworth (1984) |
5 witnesses, convicted of rape and murder of 9-year old girl, DNA later proved him innocent |
How many witnesses? What did he "do"? Was he innocent and how was this proved? |
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Does timing of statement given affect how accurate it is? |
Yes - Elzinga et. al (2005) "Stress associated with impaired delayed recall but not immediate recall" |
Elzinga et. al (2005)... impaired d________ recall but not I________ |
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Best way to secure eyewitness testimony? 4 points |
1. Double blind lineups (officers don't know either) 2. Train juries to evaluate reliability of ET 3. Interviewee of sound mind (Sober, fed, rested and not stressed): a. Alhola and Polo-Kantola (2007) "Sleep deprivation leads to impairment of cognitive abilities such as working memory and attention" b. Adolphus et. al (2013) "Habitual breakfast positively associated with academic performance in kids" 4. With investigative interview, NOT interrogation (causes stress which impairs cog. abilities like memory) |
1. D______B________ lineups 2. ________ juries to evaluate __________ of ET 3. Be of ________ mind... a. Alhola and Polo-Kantola (2007) SD leads to impairment of cog b. Adolphus (2013) Habit. breakfast pos. ass. with academic performance in kids 4. I________ I_________, NOT I_________ |
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Conclusion... 3 points |
1. ET, despite being trusted by juries, relatively unreliable and can lead to wrongful conviction 2. Use of techniques like DB lineups and education of juries improve ET and are good practice 3. Investigative interview better than interrogation |
1. ET despite ______ ________ by juries is relatively __________ and can lead to __________ ___________ 2. Use of techniques like ________ ________ lineups and __________ of juries can help __________ ET accuracy and are good ________ 3. I__________ I_________ better for witnesses than I___________ |
