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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
characteristics of animals
cell walls yes or no? what types of tissue do they have |
all animals are multicellular organisms
feed by ingestion lack cell walls, bodies held together by structural proteins embedded in tissues and between cells presence of nervous adn muscle tissue reproduce sexually |
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plants
what type of seed bearing organisms were the first to have vascular tissue |
transition from dominant gamete to spore stage
vascular tissue for water and nutrient transport gymnosperms first to have vascular tissue, seeds allowed for reproduction without water angiosperms were first to have flowers and fruits, reproduction began to happen with help of pollination from wind/animals |
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fungi
what are their uses? are they multicellular or unicellular? how do they reproduce |
important and often coveted food source
used in production of antibiotics and medicines decomposers consume all manner of dead things can be unicellular and multicellular may have more than one nucleus/ cell walls not completely closed exhibit more than one nucleus/ cell walls not completely closed exhibit both sexual and aesexual stages in reproduction |
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taxonomy... just explain what it is
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phylogeny- evolutionary history of an organism
taxonomy- iding, naming and classification of species taxonomic organization- domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species scientific name- unique two part name for an organism, genus and species |
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four main types of organic molecules
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carbohydrates
lipids proteins nucleic acids |
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carbohydrates
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contain mostly carbon hydrogen and oxygen
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lipids
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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; contain more stored energy, long term energy storage
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proteins
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building blocks of life make up bones, muscles, fight invasions, shape of protein is what determines funciton; amino acids are monomer and proteins are polymers
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nucleic acids
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store info and nucleotides are monomer nucleic acids are polymer DNA and RNA
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5 characteristics of living things
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life is organized from small to big, cell is th esmallest unit of life
livin gthings need energy and acquire energy they build new structure and develop they repair old structure living things reproduce on their own |
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stabilizing selection
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intermediate phenotype favored extreme phenotypes less fit, average doesn't change and variation drop
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directional selection
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the most fit phenotypes survive
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disruptive selection
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extreme phenotypes favored
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mycology
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study of fungi and fungal systematic s
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plasmogamy
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fusion of hyphae not nuclei of two parent mycelia, fusion of cytoplasm
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karyogamy
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fusion of nuclei after hyphae fusion
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mycelium
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interwoven mass of threadlike filaments that form the body of most fungi
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invertebrates exhibit 3 trends
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centralizaiton
cephalizaiton- nervous tissue become concentrated towards one end of the organism specialization |
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3 domains of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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archaea
bacteria eukarya |
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eukarya consists of what four kingdoms
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plants animals fungi protists
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horizontal gene transfer
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bacteria can transfer genetic material directly into another species
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microbes
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most abundant organisms on earth
they are genetically diverse, more than 500000 identified types |
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plasmid
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circular DNA molecule that carries genetic information for specific functions
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transduction
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when a kind of virus call bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell
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transformation
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the process by which bacterial cells scavenge DNA from their environment
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photoautotrophs
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bacteria that use energy from the sunlight
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chemoautotrophs
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extract energy from inorganic substances
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photoheterotrophs
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use light to generate ATP but gain carbon from organic molecules
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chemoheterotrophs
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consume organic molecules for energy and carbon d
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systematics
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reconstructing a phylogeny
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taxonomy
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identifying naming and classifyying species
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what organisms have developed various ways to resist antibiotics
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bacteria and other microbes
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speciation
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process by which new species form
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allopatric speciation
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species form in geographic separation from each other
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sympatric speciation
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species form in the same geographic area
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prezygotic barriers
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mechanisms that prevent mating
o Geographic isolation, habitat isolation, mechanical isolation |
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post zygotic
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Mechanisms that prevent formation of successful hybrids
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similarities and differences between bacteria and arachaea
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Two of the three domains of living organisms
Both lack membrane bound organelles, and circular DNA, reproduce asecually by budding and binary fission Different composition of cell walls,structure of plasma membrane, ribosomes, RNA polymerase, etc. both prokaryotic |
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plant phylogenetics- evolution of four groups of organisms
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(4)angiosperms- Haploid- one set of DNa
Diploid- two sets of DNA Triploid cell- 3 sets of DNA (3)gymnosperms- no double fertilization (1)bryophytes- moss hornworts, liverworts, (2)seeless vascular plants- vascular structure/tissue |
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differences between exons and introns
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exons- the part of the DNA sequencee that is translated
introns- repetitive regions that are not translated |
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arthropods- different types of adn characteristics
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( cnidarians, flastworms, roundworms, annelids-segmented worms, mollusk, echinoderms- marine animals, sponges)
- invertebrate, exoskeleton made of chitin, joint appendages, spiders and insects are most, protostomes- front forms first, SEGMENTED BODIES |
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prokaryotes
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Structure
o Flagellum or cilia (for mobility) Shape o Rod o Spherical o Corkscrew Endospore Formation |
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hydrophobic vs hydrophillic
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phobic- water fearing molecules
phillic- water loving molecules |
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bioremediation
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Bioremediation – the use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, or soil
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protista
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eukarya that isn’t a plant, animal, or
fungus. Red, brown and green algal protists. Chlorophyta – green algae that is generally awuatic in freshwater enviornments. Likely the ancestor to land plants. Choanoflagellida – most like the ancestor of the animals (sponges) Fungal protists- |
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tracheophytes
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(Vascular plants)
Ferns and Fern Allies |
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sporatophytes
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(seed plants)
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms Sporophyte = dominant generation Gametophyte dependent upon and attached to sporophyte and continues to reduce Seeds Water is not needed for fertilization o Pollen wood |
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stomata
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any of the pores on the epidermis that allow gases to flow through
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gymnosperms
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Single fertilization
Diploid endosperm o Uniparental female gametophyt Mainly woody plants that include Oldest living trees: bristlecone pine, 5000 yrs old Gametophyte muilticeluar, live in cones and are dependant on sporophyte The seeds of the gymnosperm lack a protective enclosure unlike angiosperms Have a more efficient vascular system Xylem – wood of a tree (where the water flows) Phloem – inner bark of the tress Wood is formed from secondary growth |
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angiosperms
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Efficient water transport (photosynthesis) Efficient reproductive structures
Insect pollination: Mammal dispersal of fruits/seeds Double fertilization Triploid endosperm o Biparental |
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passive transport
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flow from high concentration to low concentration- diffusion of sugar molecules GOING FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION
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characteristics of fungi
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Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants.
DON’T photosynthesis Cell wall is made up of chitin Filamentous 5-6 major divisons of fungi obtain their nutrients from other organisms primary role in decomposition, some are parasitic and feed on live organisms |
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plasmogamy
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fusion of Hyphae not nuclei
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KARYOgamy
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Karyogamy: fusion of nuclei after hyphal fusion
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purpose of ATP
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gives energy needed for active transport
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animalia characteristicsw
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Multicellular, geterotrophic eukaryotes
Feed by ingestion Lack cell walls – bodies held together by structural proteins embedded in tissues Presence of nervous and muscle tissue Reproduce sexually |
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hox genes
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modulate what genes are turned on and off which in the
end determines what kind of animal is developed. Many genes are the same or similar in all animals in the beginning |
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diff between cellular respiration and photosynthesis
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1. Photosynthesis stores energy in organic compounds. Respiration used organic compound to free energy for cellular use.
2. Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases the light and dark reactions. Respiration in three phases glycolysis, Krebs and the ETS. 3. Photosynthesis uses NADP to carry hydrogen ions while respiration uses NAD+. 4. Photosynthesis uses the products of respiration (carbon dioxide and water) to form sugar and oxygen. 5. Photosynthesis needs chlorophyll and respiration does not. 6. Parts of Photosynthesis can only occur during the daylight and respiration occurs all the time. glucose> energy and CO2 |
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2 mendel laws of inheritance
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segregation- states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.
independent assortment- all genes develop independently of each other |
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exceptions two mendel's
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linkage- genes that are on the same chromosome, do NOT develop independently
co-dominance incomplete dominance nondisjunction- when chromosomes pull apart from each other |
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ajist of the differnece between mitosis and meiosis
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one parent cell turns into two daughter cells
one diploid parent cell turns into 4 daughter cells |
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apoptosis
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cell that is designed to self destruct
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histones
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proteins that bond DNA
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bryophytes
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land plants w/ no vascular tissue
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hyphae
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threadlike filaments that make up mycelium which makes up fungi
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cell theory
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all cells are created from preexisting cellsand all organisms are made form one or more cells
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somatic cells
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cells that do not reproduce
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telomere
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compound structure at the end of a chromosome, counts how many times a cell is divided
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apoptosis
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cell that is designed to self destruct
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vacuole
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functions as a trash bin in animal cells
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sirl karl popper argued tha t
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falsification is required when making a rigorous hypothesis
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what maeks carbon so important to baiss of life
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ability to share electrons, incomplete valence shell
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where does DNA carry its infomation
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in its sequence of bases
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lowest level of life that can performall the functions of life
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a cell
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pilli
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specialized structure in prokaryotes that helps prokaryotes bond to the surface of organisms
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flagellum
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helps some bacteria propel themselves through liquid, with its tail like structure acting as a whip
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the rer is the portion of the er that has
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ribosomes attached to it
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overall shape of a cell is determined by what ?
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cytoskeleton
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osmosis versus diffusion
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watergoing from area of low to high concentration
material going from area of high to low concentration |
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9. Which by-product of photosynthesis was important in altering the atmosphere of the earth so that aerobic organisms could evolve?
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oxygen
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product of photosynthesis
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oxygen
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cellular respiration
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energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism.
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to get from a gene to a protein two processes must occu r
transcription: translation |
a copy of the gene's sequence of bases is made; that copy is used to direct the production of an amino acid
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nucleotide
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contain sugar/ base/phosphate, building blocks of nucleic acid
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The Gap 1, DNA synthesis, and Gap 2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called:
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interphase
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four phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle
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mitosis, Gap 1, DNA synthesis, and Gap 2
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How many sex chromosomes does the normal human female inherit from her mother?
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1
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is 10. The ABO blood type system in humans, is it an example of codominance or multiple allelism
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yes an example of both
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genomic imprintin g
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A pattern of transmission where all offspring have the same phenotype as their mother is consistent with which type of non-Mendelian
inheritance? |
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what is one way that In females, the contribution of the fathers X-‐chromosomes is inactivated by
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epigenetic markers aka stop sequences
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purpose of plant hormones
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signal specific tissues of the plant to respond in a specific way C) convey information about the physiological state of the plant
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When the sun is low in the sky, the amount of solar radiation received at the spot where the sun is observed:
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*A) is lower than when the sun is high in the sky because the same amount of solar radiation is being spread
over a larger area. |
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competitive exclusion principle
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*C) no two species competing for the same resources can stably coexist.
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origin of all genetic variation
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mutation
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FEATURES that are inherited from a common ancestor
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are referred to as homologous features
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Spherical bacteria are known as:
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cocci
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conjugation
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a bacterium transfers a copy of some its DNA via an extrachromosomal plasmid to another bacterium.
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how do prokaryotes reproduce
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binary fission- aesexual reproduction used by all prokaryotes
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new challenge plants faced in moving to land that they had not faced in their aquatic environment?
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dessication- extreme dryness
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endosperm
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a food-storing tissue of the seed
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Each angiosperm pollen grain contains how many sperm cells?
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two
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ffemale parts of a flower
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stigma, style, ovary, and ovule.
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Lichens result from the
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symbiosis of fungus and moss/cyanobacterium
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all animals:
but are not |
share a common ancestor
are heterotrophic possessing true tissues |
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most ancient branching point for phylogeny of animals
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true tissues
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