Exposures 2 Final: Spring 2016

Front 1

Which radiographic image capture method uses chemicaldevelopment to produce the manifest image?

Back 1

Film/screenradiography

Front 2

Whichcompany was the first to introduce PSP imaging commercially in the U.S.?

Back 2

Fuji

Front 3

Which radiographic image capture method uses x-ray absorbermaterial coupled to a thin film transistor or a charged coupled device to formthe digital radiographic image?

Back 3

FPD

Front 4

The acronym PACS stands for:

Back 4

picturearchival communication system

Front 5

Film and intensifying screens are primarily used in:

Back 5

ConventionalRadiography

Front 6

What format must images be in order to be sent throughoutthe image viewing system?

Back 6

DICOM

Front 7

The first commercial CT scanners could image the:

Back 7

head only

Front 8

Who was the first to incorporate digital imaging with the CTscanner?

Back 8

GodfreyHounsfield

Front 9

Teleradiology,moving images via telephone lines to and from remote locations, was firstcommercialized by:

Back 9

Albert Jutras

Front 10

In which decade was the first MRI introduced?

Back 10

1980s

Front 11

Technologist efficiency ratings are generally the same whencomparing conventional radiography with PSP/CR radiography, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

Comparedwith a 90-second processing time found in conventional radiography, imageacquisition with DR has now been reduced to:

Back 12

3-5 seconds

Front 13

Theactive element in a storage phosphor is:

Back 13

barium fluorohalide

Front 14

What best describes the sequence for PSPimage capture?

Back 14

phosphorplate, focused light scanner, photomultiplier, ADC, review station

Front 15

Withconventional radiography, optical density is primarily controlled by:

Back 15

mAs

Front 16

Indirect capture DR converts x-ray energy into visiblelight, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 16

TRUE

Front 17

DICOMis a standard that allows imaging modalities and PACS to communicate in thesame language, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 17

TRUE

Front 18

Presetimage annotation controls include all of the following except:

Back 18

dateand image stamps

Front 19

componentsof PACS include:

Back 19

multiple interfaces

web access reading stations

Front 20

When switching from a conventional diagnostic radiographyroom to one that incorporates PSP/CR, major equipment changes are to beexpected, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 20

FALSE

Front 21

A graphical representation of a digital image is called a:

Back 21

histogram

Front 22

The useful signal is determined during which part of theimaging cycle?

Back 22

image sampling

Front 23

TheNyquist theorem states that the sampling frequency must be less than twice thefrequency of the input signal, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 23

FALSE

Front 24

Aliasingoccurs when the sampling frequency is not greater than twice the frequency ofthe input signal, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 24

TRUE

Front 25

Indigital projection radiography, what process is used to normalize an image thathas been taken with too great of an exposure?

Back 25

automaticrescaling

Front 26

Thelook-up table that is used to determine brightness and contrast of an image isunique for each anatomic part, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 26

TRUE

Front 27

What processing will amplify particular known frequenciesin an image will suppressing other?-

Back 27

edge enhancement masking

high-pass filtering

Front 28

Window width controls the brightness of the image ondisplay, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 28

FALSE

Front 29

Shuttering the digital image will reduce the exposure tothe patient, TRUE or FALSE?

Back 29

FALSE

Front 30

Which processing parameter will put together multiple images into one single image for display?

Back 30

image stitching

Front 31

The PSP cassette is backed by aluminum that:

Back 31

absorbsbackscatter x-rays

Front 32

What serves to protect againststatic build-up, dust collection, and mechanical damage to the imaging plate ?

Back 32

felt material

Front 33

Thelayer of the imaging plate that traps electrons during exposure is the______________ layer.

Back 33

active

Front 34

The imaging plate layer that absorbs stimulating light andreflects emitted light is the ____________ layer.

Back 34

color

Front 35

which layer sends light in a forward direction?

Back 35

Thereflective layer

Front 36

The purpose of the barcode label is to match the imageinformation with the:

Back 36

patient identifier

Front 37

Thephosphor layer is made of phosphors from the _____________ family.

Back 37

barium fluorohalide

Front 38

Whenthe imaging plate is irradiated, stimulated electrons enter the _______________layer.

Back 38

active

Front 39

Duringlaser beam formation, both ends of the laser reflect energy back and forth sothat the atoms:

Back 39

bombard each other

Front 40

Coherentlight is formed by the laser because the photons:

Back 40

travel in the same direction

Front 41

Theoptical mirror in the reader:

Back 41

directsthe laser beam to the imaging plate

Front 42

Typical cassette throughput is ___________ cassettes per______________________.

Back 42

50; hour

Front 43

Each light photon is assigned a number during:

Back 43

digitization

Front 44

The laser scans the imaging plate in a ____________ pattern.

Back 44

raster

Front 45

Theprocess of scanning the moving imaging plate is known as:

Back 45

translation

Front 46

What determines PSP resolution?

Back 46

phosphorlayer thickness

pixel size

thenumber of pixels

Front 47

PSP imaging plates are erased by flooding the plate with:

Back 47

light

Front 48

Theamount of detail present in any image is known as ____________ resolution.

Back 48

spatial

Front 49

The selection of the incorrect body part from the examination menu may result in:

Back 49

image misrepresentation

Front 50

kVp should be chosen:

Back 50

to provide penetration

Front 51

Thek-edge of phosphor imaging plates ranges from ___________ keV.

Back 51

30-50

Front 52

Therange of kVp that can be used with PSP systems is:

Back 52

45-120

Front 53

mAS is selected for the:

Back 53

# of electrons needed

Front 54

Wheninsufficient light is produced by the imaging plate phosphor, the image will:

Back 54

be grainy

Front 55

Quantummottle is caused by:

Back 55

insufficient light

Front 56

What should be considered when selecting the PSP cassette?

Back 56

size and type

Front 57

Usingan FOV that is much larger than the part being examined will:

Back 57

decrease resolution

Front 58

Thehigher the number of pixels in a matrix, the:

Back 58

higher the resolution

Front 59

Grid use for PSP examinations is more critical than infilm/screen radiography because CR:

Back 59

imaging plates record more densities

Front 60

The number of grid lines per centimeter or lines per inchdescribes grid:

Back 60

frequency

Front 61

relationship between the height of the lead strips to theinterspace

Back 61

grid ratio

Front 62

What type of grid requires more critical beam centering?

Back 62

focused grids

Front 63

Collimationto a smaller area:

Back 63

decrease compton interactions

Front 64

Shuttering is a postexposure image manipulation techniquethat:

Back 64

is added to screen image

Front 65

Atechnologist can lend credibility to his or her expertise by:

Back 65

using personal position markers

Front 66

The exposure indication number is:

Back 66

an indication of radiation absorbed by imaging plate

Front 67

Cracks in the imaging plate can be caused by:

Back 67

removing and replacing the plate in the reader

Front 68

Photoconductors are materials that:

Back 68

absorb x-rays and produce electrical charges

Front 69

Scintillators are phosphors that:

Back 69

produce light when absorbing x-rays

Front 70

Adevice that includes a photosensitive array and small pixels that convert lightinto electrical charges is known as a ____________ transistor.

Back 70

thin-film

Front 71

A device that acts as a switch to send electrical charges tothe image processor in a direct conversion flat-panel detector is known as a___________ transistor

Back 71

field-effect

Front 72

What chemical is used as a photoconductor?

Back 72

a-Se

Front 73

What are examples of chemicals of scintillators?

Back 73

Gd2O2S

CsI

Front 74

Flat-paneldetectors that use indirect conversion technology convert:

Back 74

x-rays to visible light

Front 75

Indirectconversion in flat-panel detectors is a ________- step process.

Back 75

two

Front 76

CsI detectors use:

Back 76

thin crystalline needles

Front 77

In CsI detectors:

Back 77

there is very little light spread

Front 78

A Gd2O2S scintillator is known as what type of phosphor?

Back 78

turbid or unstructured

Front 79

Manufacturers make efforts to maintain a standard of lessthan ____________ defective pixels.

Back 79

.1%-.2%

Front 80

Possible causes of image lag include:

Back 80

rapid succession images

overexposure

lackof beam attenuation

Front 81

dead pixels at the edge of the detector are easilyidentified; TRUE OR FALSE

Back 81

FALSE

Front 82

What can be done to decrease the chance of having image lag occurin the next image?

Back 82

increase the amount of time between exposures

Front 83

"It is the oldest indirect conversion technology used in a variety of image capture applications" is an explanation of what?

Back 83

CCD

Front 84

A device that acts like a camera in an indirect conversiondetector is known as a:

Back 84

CCD

Front 85

Thecomponents that focus the signal from the scintillators to the CCD are called:

Back 85

fiber optics

Front 86

Theamount of x-rays absorbed depends on the type of scintillator; TRUE OR FALSE

Back 86

FALSE

Front 87

Detector elements are formed by voltage gates that _________at readout to ___________the flow of electrons.

Back 87

close; allow

Front 88

Themost common types of noise that affect image quality include:

Back 88

statistical noise

“dark” current noise

amplification noise

Front 89

Clinicalapplications for CCDs include:

Back 89

digital fluoroscopy

digital mammography

general radiography

Front 90

Whencompared with a CMOS, CCDs:

Back 90

usemore than 100 times the power

Front 91

Themost popular base material used in integrated circuits is:

Back 91

silicon

Front 92

reducing the phosphor output image to the size of the active area of the CCD

Back 92

Demagnification

Front 93

A highly efficient indirect conversion system that takes upless fill space than CCDs is known as a(n):

Back 93

CMOS

Front 94

What flat-paneldetector technologies was developed by NASA?

Back 94

CMOS

Front 95

quantum efficiency will affectdetective quantum efficiency; TRUE OR FALSE

Back 95

TRUE

Front 96

___________turn semi-conductors into full electrical conductors.

Back 96

Dopants

Front 97

A barcode reader is a type of ________________ device

Back 97

input

Front 98

Binarycode is a computer language based on:

Back 98

ones and zeros

Front 99

How many bits make up four bytes?

Back 99

32

Front 100

Howmany bytes are needed to store one alphanumeric character?

Back 100

1

Front 101

TheCPU is:

Back 101

amicroprocessor found on the motherboard

Front 102

The microprocessor uses the BIOS during:

Back 102

start-updiagnosis

Front 103

Theseries of connections, controllers, and chips that create the informationhighway within the computer system is known as the:

Back 103

BUS

Front 104

RAMis an acronym for _______________________ memory.

Back 104

random access

Front 105

RAM is:

Back 105

shortterm for open programs

Front 106

The fastest and most versatile port is the:

Back 106

USB

Front 107

If a PC had a 5.0- GHz CPU, it would have a system clock that would tick ____billion times per second.

Back 107

5

Front 108

Theinformation storage capacity of a DVD is ______ times more than that of a CD.

Back 108

7

Front 109

“Writeonce, read many” is represented by which of the following identifiers?

Back 109

R

Front 110

Mostmodern keyboards connect to the back of the box using a ____________connection.

Back 110

PS/2

Front 112

The basic picture element is known as a:

Back 112

pixel

Front 113

________represents how close the dots are located to one another within a pixel.

Back 113

dot pitch

Front 114

Therefresh rate controls the:

Back 114

flicker

Front 115

Responserate refers to the amount of time it takes the crystal to go:

Back 115

from an off state to on and vice versa

Front 116

AGUI is best known as a(n):

Back 116

icon

Front 117

Ahandheld personal organizer is an example of a ____________ operating system.

Back 117

single-user, single-task

Front 118

majoroperating systems include:

Back 118

windows

Macintosh

UNIX/Linux

Front 119

Two or more objects sharing resources and information orcomputers, terminals, and servers interconnected by communication channels is adefinition of a:

Back 119

network

Front 120

what would be considereda geographic category of network

Back 120

LAN

Front 121

The least expensive network to install is a:

Back 121

LAN

Front 122

Inwhich network type is each computer on the network considered equal?

Back 122

peer to peer

Front 123

Acomputer network that spans a large area such as a city, state, nation, orcontinent is known as a:

Back 123

WAN

Front 124

types ofcomputer found on a network include?

Back 124

server

thinclient

thick client

Front 125

anycomputer that needs a server for task completion, describes a:

Back 125

thin-client computer

Front 126

a computer that works independently of the network, describes a:

Back 126

thick-client computer

Front 127

a computer that manages resourced for other computers, describes a:

Back 127

server

Front 128

The most common connection medium for a LAN is:

Back 128

twisted pair

Front 129

Wirelessconnections require:

Back 129

infrared or radiofrequencies

consideration of wall thickness

transmitter/receiver

Front 130

Thenetwork connection that uses glass threads to transmit data is:

Back 130

fiber optic

Front 131

Themost fragile type of network connection is:

Back 131

fiber optic

Front 132

The biggest advantages of wireless networks are:

Back 132

mobility and conveinence

Front 133

A device that provides the interface between the computerand network is known as:

Back 133

network interface card

Front 134

Anetwork switch:

Back 134

send data only to those devices to which data are directed

Front 135

The simplest connection device is the:

Back 135

hub

Front 136

A connection device that can bring two or more networkstogether that speaks the same language is known as:

Back 136

bridge

Front 137

Atype of computer addressing that is made up of four octets of numbers is the:

Back 137

internet protocol

Front 138

A network on which devices are connected in a circle isknown as a _________ network.

Back 138

ring

Front 139

The topology on which the Internet is based is the:

Back 139

mesh

Front 140

Thealmost universally accepted standard for exchanging medical images is known as:

Back 140

DICOM

Front 141

The first version of DICOM was completed in:

Back 141

1985

Front 142

Thestandard that oversees most computerized clinical and administrative data isknown as:

Back 142

HL-7

Front 143

RIS is specific to:

Back 143

radiology

Front 144

Thesystem that holds specific patient’s lab results, radiology reports, andphysician notes is the:

Back 144

electronic medical record (EMR)

Front 145

The system that contains patient information, billingrecords, and inpatient orders is the

Back 145

HIS

Front 146

The acronym for PACS stands for ______________________system.

Back 146

picture archival and communication

Front 147

A PACS consists of:

Back 147

Image acquisition

Display workstation

Archive servers

Front 148

A universally accepted standard for exchanging medicalimaging via a networked set of display of workstations, archive, and imagingmodalities is:

Back 148

DICOM

Front 149

Anycomputer that a health care worker uses to view a digital image is a(n):

Back 149

display workstation

Front 150

Theacronym for RIS stands for ________________ system.

Back 150

radiology information

Front 151

advantages of aclient/server based system? include:

Back 151

Any image can be seen anywhere without interventions

Only one person can open a studywith the intent to read it, and others will be told that the study is being read by someone else

Front 152

disadvantages of a client/server basedsystem include:

Back 152

The archive is considered a single point of failure Thesystem depends on the network

Front 153

Inwhich system architecture do the acquisition modalities send their imagesdirectly to a designated workstation?

Back 153

distributed system

Front 154

disadvantages of a distributed system include:

Back 154

There is a heavy reliance that the images are being sent to the correct locations Each workstation has a different

Front 155

What term is used to describe the reading of imagesoutside of the hospital walls, generally at home or in a remote location?

Back 155

teleradiology

Front 156

If the number of _____________ increases on a monitor,resolution___________________.

Back 156

pixels; improves

Front 157

61. Which of the following would be considered categoriesfor display workstations?

Back 157

Primary reading

Technologist QC

Front 158

Which workstation is used to review images after acquisitionbut before being sent off for reporting?

Back 158

technologist QC

Front 159

What functiondetermines how images are displayed on the monitor(s)?

Back 159

hanging protocol

Front 160

What functionwill allow the user to move through a series of images frame by frame?

Back 160

cine

Front 161

Which function can be used to orient the image in theanatomic hanging position?

Back 161

flip and rotate

Front 162

Which advanced function allows the user to put multipleimages together into one single image, such as in a scoliosis series?

Back 162

stitching

Front 171

The single function of an AEC is to eliminate the need toset:

Back 171

time

Front 172

Automatic exposure devices provide a diagnostic qualityradiograph when the:

Back 172

anatomyof interest is positioned directly above the appropriate ionization chambers

Front 173

Ionization chamber AECs are usually in a ____________chamber configuration.

Back 173

3

Front 174

The most common configuration includes:

Back 174

three chambers

acenter chamber at the center of the image receptor

theleft and right chambers slightly higher and lateral

Front 175

MostAEC consoles permit activation of:

Back 175

all 3 cells in any combination

Front 176

When more than one ionization chamber is used, the signalis:

Back 176

averaged

Front 177

Whenan AEC is used for an AP lumbar spine, which ionization chambers are utilized?

Back 177

the center cell

Front 178

When an AEC is used for a PA chest, which ionization chambersare utilized?

Back 178

the left and right outer cells

Front 179

If the primary beam is collimated from an activated chamber, the result is a:

Back 179

dark radiograph

Front 180

Thebackup time of most AECs is set at ________ of the anticipated manual exposuretime.

Back 180

150%

Front 181

A radiographer is performing an AP knee radiograph using anAEC. The manual technique for this exam would be 12 mAs at 80 kVp. The backupmAs the radiographer would set would be:

Back 181

18 mAs

Front 182

Mobile examinations are difficult to accomplish because:

Back 182

exam conditions can vary widely

Front 183

Mobile examinations may require:

Back 183

special adaptations of routine projections imaginative equipment manipulation innovative technique factor considerations

Front 184

Before entering a surgical suite who must be consulted?

Back 184

attending physician

Front 185

Radiographers should move ___________ away from the patientprior to making an exposure.

Back 185

2 yards

Front 186

During mobile radiography, it is the radiographer’sresponsibility to protect:

Back 186

the patient the public

other health professionals

Front 187

During mobile radiography, it is the radiographer’sresponsibility to request that ______________ leave the immediate area prior toexposure.

Back 187

physicians health professionals

family members

Front 188

Howmany lead aprons should be carried to a mobile radiographic examination?

Back 188

two;one for patient and one for radiographer

Front 189

During mobile radiography, the radiographer must achievemaximum distance primarily from the:

Back 189

patient

Front 190

The more advanced, full-power mobile units use ____________energy for a power supply.

Back 190

battery

Front 191

capacitor discharge units arequite popular due to their small size and weight as well as output; TRUE OR FALSE

Back 191

FALSE

Front 192

Propertube-grid alignment is important during _______________ radiography.

Back 192

mobile

portable

stationary

Front 193

Which grid type would permit wide exposure and centeringlatitude and would therefore be preferred for mobile radiography?

Back 193

6:1

Front 194

With current, state-of-the-art portable units:

Back 194

thebatteries provide power for exposures and travel

Front 195

Formobile radiography, radiographic grids should have a:

Back 195

low ratio and high frequency

Front 196

Modern mobile radiographic units possess:

Back 196

a flat panel detector for image review

Front 197

Batteriesused in mobile radiographic machines:

Back 197

are rechargeable

Front 198

The preferred method for demonstrating air fluid levelsduring mobile radiography is the make sure that:

Back 198

patient is sitting fully erect

x-ray beam is perpendicular to the receptor

Front 199

automatic exposure control with single field is essential to a mobileradiographic unit; TRUE OR FALSE

Back 199

FALSE

Front 200

Fluoroscopy is a ______________ x-ray examination.

Back 200

dynamic,real time

Front 201

Fluoroscopy is the domain of the:

Back 201

radiologist

Front 202

Fluoroscopy is commonly used for observation of:

Back 202

cardiovascular structures

GI tract

surgical procedure

Front 203

The fluoroscopic carriage commonly supports the:

Back 203

image receptor

digital spot film selector

power-assist drive controls

Front 204

Fluoroscopic mA range is commonly _____________ mA.

Back 204

.5 - 5

Front 205

Duringfluoroscopy, the SOD on a fixed unit cannot be less than ____________ inches.

Back 205

15

Front 206

During fluoroscopic image intensification, the primary x-raybeam exits the patient and strikes the _____________ image intensifier.

Back 206

input screen

Front 207

Theinput screen absorbs ______________ and emits ___________________.

Back 207

x-ray photons; light photons

Front 208

Thephotocathode absorbs ______________ and emits ___________________.

Back 208

lightphotons; electrons

Front 209

Electrostatic lenses are used to accelerate and focus:

Back 209

electrons

Front 210

The output screen absorbs ______________ and emits___________________.

Back 210

electrons;light photons

Front 211

Theinput screen is _____________ in shape.

Back 211

concave

Front 212

The shape of the input screen helps to control:

Back 212

distortion

Front 213

The photocathode is composed of ____________ materials.

Back 213

photoemissive

Front 214

Photoemissive materials absorbs ______________ and emits___________________.

Back 214

lightphotons; electrons

Front 215

Total brightness gain is:

Back 215

a measure of the increase in image intensity determined by the minification gain determined by flux gain'

Front 216

Theedge distortion problem in image intensification tubes is called:

Back 216

vignetting

Front 217

The most common solution for quantum mottle is to:

Back 217

increase fluoro tube mAs

Front 218

. Digitization of the fluoroscopic image permits:

Back 218

image post-processing

electronical archival

transfer via PACS

Front 219

Flat panel digital detectors used for fluoroscopy use:

Back 219

amorphous silicon as the digital detector

acesium iodide scintillator

TFTtechnology

Front 220

During fluoroscopy, the principal source of radiation exposureto personnel in the room is the:

Back 220

patient

Front 221

Mobile fluoroscopic systems are different from fixed systemsin that they:

Back 221

havea minimum SOD of 12 inches

Front 222

Digital fluoroscopy typically:

Back 222

uses pulsed x-ray exposures timed with the detector

usesindirect detector technology with thin film transistors (TFT)

provides resolution of 1-2 lp/mm

Front 223

What is the magnification factor for an image viewed with animage intensification tube with an input screen diameter of 23 cm that is using13cm diameter during magnification?

Back 223

1.8

Front 224

What is the minification gain for an image intensificationtube with an input screen diameter of 10 in and an output screen diameter of 2in?

Back 224

25

Front 225

What is the total brightness gain for an image intensification tube with aminification gain of 25 and a flux gain of 50?

Back 225

1,250