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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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concept |
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people |
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prototype |
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird) |
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algorithm |
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
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heuristic |
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms |
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insight |
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
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confirmation bias |
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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mental set |
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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intuition |
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
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availability heuristics |
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
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overconfidence |
the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
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belief perseverence |
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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framing |
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
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creativity |
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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convergent thinking |
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
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divergent thinking |
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions) |
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linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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intelligence |
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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general intelligence (g) |
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
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savant syndrome |
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill |
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crystallized intelligence |
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
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fluid intelligence |
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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Sternberg's three intelligences |
Analytical (school smarts), Practical (street smarts), Creative |
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Emotional Intelligence |
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions |
