Exploring Psychology Chapter 13

Front 1

attribution theory

Back 1

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either situation or the person's disposition

Front 2

fundamental attribution error

Back 2

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Front 3

attitude

Back 3

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events

Front 4

peripheral route persuasion

Back 4

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Front 5

central route persuasion

Back 5

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Front 6

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 6

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Front 7

role

Back 7

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Front 8

cognitive dissonance theory

Back 8

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

Front 9

culture

Back 9

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Front 10

norm

Back 10

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior, prescribe "proper" behavior

Front 11

conformity

Back 11

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Front 12

normative social influence

Back 12

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Front 13

informational social influence

Back 13

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Front 14

social facilitation

Back 14

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Front 15

social loafing

Back 15

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Front 16

deindividuation

Back 16

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Front 17

group polarization

Back 17

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Front 18

groupthink

Back 18

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Front 19

prejudice

Back 19

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Front 20

stereotype

Back 20

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Front 21

discrimination

Back 21

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Front 22

just-world phenomenon

Back 22

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Front 23

ingroup

Back 23

"Us" - people with whom we share a common identity

Front 24

outgroup

Back 24

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Front 25

scapegoat theory

Back 25

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Front 26

other-race effect

Back 26

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races, also called the cross-race effect and and the own-race bias

Front 27

aggression

Back 27

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Front 28

frustration-aggression principle

Back 28

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

Front 29

social script

Back 29

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Front 30

mere exposure effect

Back 30

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Front 31

passionate love

Back 31

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Front 32

companionate love

Back 32

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Front 33

equity

Back 33

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Front 34

self-disclosure

Back 34

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Front 35

bystander effect

Back 35

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid of other bystanders are present

Front 36

social exchange theory

Back 36

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits benefits and minimize costs

Front 37

reciprocity norm

Back 37

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Front 38

social-responsibility norm

Back 38

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Front 39

conflict

Back 39

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Front 40

social trap

Back 40

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Front 41

mirror-image perceptions

Back 41

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Front 42

superordinate goals

Back 42

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Front 43

What makes people bigots - Sartre

Back 43

1, prejudice is not just a consequence of events, history, etc.

2. prejudice is not just a consequence of an opinion

3. prejudice is an irrational passion

4. prejudice is cowardice, a refusal to accept difference

Front 44

Sternberg's Major Components of Romantic Love

Back 44

passion (physical), intimacy (emotional), commitment