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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
definition of psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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scientific method of research
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a self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answer
1. create theory 2. create hypothesis 3. test hypothesis 4. analyze results |
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theory
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events - a good theory must be subject to falsification - a theory can not be proven, only supported
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hypothesis
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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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operational definition
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a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. i.e human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
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replication
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repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances
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survey
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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
issues: questions can be leading or the samples/subjects not selected randomly |
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random sample
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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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population
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all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study - the whole group you want to study and describe
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psychological tests
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test mainly designed to measure individual differences
i.e aptitude, intelligence and personality test, etc. |
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reliability
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the extent to which a test yields consistent results - yields same score - can be checked by retesting
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validity
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the extent to which the test measures or predicts what it says it is supposed (promised)to
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case study/history
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an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles - oldest research method
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correlations
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the measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well wither factor predicts the other
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illusory correlation
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the perception of a relationship where none exist
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coefficient of correlation
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a statistical measure of a relationship
- a positive correlations (btwn 0 and +1) move in same direction - a negative correlations(btwn 0 and -1) move in opposite direction |
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naturalistic observation
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watching and recording the behavior of subjects in their natural environment
- describes behavior, does not explain it |
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clinical observation
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the process of learning about a person’s mental health by watching him in his day-to-day routines at home, school, or work environments (called natural settings)
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formal experiment
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a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factor (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable) - manipulates a factor to determine its effect
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placebo effect
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experimental results caused by expectations alone - any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance (no med)
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experimental group
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the group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment or independent variable
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control group
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the group in an experiment that contrast with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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independent variables
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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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dependent variables
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the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it - i knew it all along
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sections of a journal article
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abstract
introduction methods statistical analysis discussion conclusion references |
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history of psychology
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the first psychology lab was in Leipzip, Germany in 1879 founded by Wilhelm Wundt
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applied research
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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counseling psychology
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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
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clinical psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological therapy
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SQ3R
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survey
question read rehearsh review |