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89 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What were motivations for European exploration?
3 G’S; GOD, GOLD, GLORY
What types of goods were Europeans wanting from Asia? Why?
SPICES (MOST IMPORTANT – TO MAKE FOOD TASTE BETTER!), SILK, TEA, PORCELAIN
Why did Europeans want to find a direct sea route to Asia? Who controlled land route?
TO TRADE MORE QUICKLY WITH ASIA. MUSLIM OR ARAB TRADERS HAD CONTROLLED MOST OF THE LAND ROUTES AS WELL AS SEA PORTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND EAST AFRICAN COAST.
Why was sea exploration over long distances nearly impossible in 1200s-1300s?
LACK OF TRIANGULAR SAIL TO TRAVEL AGAINST WIND. CARAVEL NOT USED AT THAT TIME BY MOST EUROPEAN EXPLOERERS. AFRAID TO VENTURE OUT IN OPEN SEA WITHOUT SIGHT OF LAND.
Explain what the following technological advancements were & how they made exploration possible:
- Caravel

- Triangular sails

- Astrolabe

- Magnetic Compass
alkjfhals
What European country led the way in exploration & applying new sailing techniques in the mid to late 1400s? Why did this country lead the way?
PORTUGAL – KING HENRY SET UP NAVIGATION SCHOOLS AND HELPED FINANCE VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION IN 15TH CENTURY
For each of the following explorers/exploration icons indicate (What they did? What year/time period? What country did they represent? Add any other important info)
- Bartolomeu Dias

- Vasco da Gama
Bartolomeu Dias – LATE 15TH CENTURY; PORTUGAL; VOYAGED ALL THE WAY TO TIP OF SOUTH AFRICA
Vasco da Gama – LATE 15TH CENTURY; PORTUGAL; FIRST EUROPEAN TO SAIL AROUND AFRICA TO FIND SEA ROUTE TO INDIA
What was the Line of Demarcation? Who drew it? Why was it needed?
LINE DIVIDING THE WORLD INTO TWO HALVES CREATED BY THE POPE TO END AN EXPLORATION DISPUTE BETWEEN THE PORTUGESE AND SPANISH.
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
1494 TREATY DIVIDING THE WORLD INTO EAST AND WEST TO SETTLE DISPUTE BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND SPAIN; PORTUGAL GETS EAST PLUS BRAZIL, SPAIN GETS THE REST OF THE AMERICAS.
What did the English & Dutch (Netherlands) do to try to get into profitable Indian Ocean trade? Which country was more successful? When did they start?
SET UP TRADING COMPANIES IN THE LATE 1500’S TO HANDLE THEIR TRADE BETWEEN THEM AND ASIAN COUNTRIES. DUTCH WERE MOST SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE THEY COMPLIED WITH ASIAN RULES OF TRADING (TRIBUTE/KOWTOW/PORTS ALLOWED).
What was the East India Company? What did the companies do? Why were there two different companies? Which was more successful?
A TRADING COMPANY OF BOTH THE DUTCH AND ENGLISH. IT ACTED AS ITS OWN GOVERNMENT WHO SET UP TREATIES TO TRADE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES WITHIN SOUTHEAST ASIA. HAD ITS OWN ARMY TO PROTECT ITS TRADING INTERESTS AS WELL AS MINT MONEY.
How did the Dutch gain more control of Indian Ocean trade in the 1600s? How did this effect Amsterdam? What important location did they control?
THE DUTCH COMPANY BECAME RICHER AND MORE POWERFUL THAN ENGLAND’S, THUS FORCING ENGLAND OUT OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN AREA. AMSTERDAM BECAME A LEADING COMMERCIAL CENTER WITHIN EUROPE BECAUSE OF THE LARGE AMOUNT OF ASIAN GOODS IT HAD TO SELL.
What effect did the Europeans have on people of Asia, especially those located inland? Why?
LITTLE BECAUSE MOST ASIAN COUNTRIES DID NOT LET EUROPEANS PAST THEIR PORTS. THE EUROPEANS WERE LIMITED MERELY TO TRADING CONTACT WITHIN MOST ASIAN COUNTRIES.
Christopher Columbus
1492, ACCIDENTLY FOUND THE BAHAMAS INSTEAD OF INDIA
Pedro Cabral
PORTUGUESE EXPLORER WHO CLAIMED BRAZIL IN 1500
Amerigo Vespucci
ITALIAN WHO SAILED FOR PORTUGAL DECLARED AFTER HIS VOYAGE TO SOUTH AMERICA THAT THE AMERICAS WERE A “NEW” CONTINENT IN 1499
Ferdinand Magellan
PORTUGUESE EXPLORER WHO WAS THE FIRST TO SAIL AROUND THE WORLD. PROVED WORLD WAS ROUND IN 1519-1522
Hernando Cortes
SPANISH CONQUISTADOR WHO SAILED TO MEXICO AND DEFEATED AZTECS IN 1520
Francisco Pizarro
SPANISH CONQUISTADOR WHO WANTED TO IMITATE CORTES BY CONQUERING INCA EMPIRE IN SOUTH AMERICA IN 1532
Ponce de Leon
CLAIMED FLORIDA FOR SPAIN IN 1513
Francisco Coronado
CLAIMED AMERICAN SOUTHWEST FOR SPAIN IN 1540
Who paid the bills for Columbus’ voyage? What was its purpose?
KING FERDINAND AND QUEEN ISABELLA OF SPAIN TO FIND A SEA ROUTE WEST TO INDIA
Where did Columbus think he was when he touched land? What did he called the natives? What was their real name?
INDIA-SO HE CALLED THE NATIVES “INDIANS” THEY WERE REALLY THE TAINOS AND THE ARAWAKS.
What are colonies?
SETTLEMENTS OF PEOPLE FROM ONE COUNTRY IN ANOTHER COUNTRY. IT MAKES THAT COUNTRY HAVE AN “EMPIRE.”
Who were the Aztecs? Where were they located? Who was their leader during the age of exploration?
NATIVE AMERICANS WHO DOMINATED THE CENTRAL AMERICAN CONTINENT. MONTEZUMA WAS THEIR LEADER. CORTES DEFEATED HIM AND THE AZTECS.
What factors (at least 3) contributed to Cortes & his men defeating the thousands of Aztecs?
1. BETTER WEAPONS/TECHNOLOGY 2. EPIDEMIC DISEASE 3. HE TURNED OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN GROUPS AGAINST THE AZTECS.
What or who were conquistadors? What was their goal?
EXPLORERS WHO CONQUERED NATIVE PEOPLES TO OBTAIN THE NATIVE’S WEALTH AND POWER.
What was mestizo & why did it occur?
THE CREATION OF A CHILD THAT WAS HALF NATIVE AMERICAN, HALF SPANISH.
What was the encomienda system? What promises did the conquistadors have to make? Were they followed?
A SYSTEM WHERE THE SPANISH (AND LATER OTHER EUROPEANS) FORCED NATIVES TO WORK AS LABORERS ON PLANTATIONS. THE SPANISH LORDS IN CONTROL OF THE FARMS PROMISED TO TREAT THE NATIVES HUMANELY. THE LORDS DID NOT ALWAYS FOLLOW THEIR PROMISES HOWEVER, AND THE NATIVES WERE EITHER ABUSED OR WORKED TO DEATH.
Which country or countries dominated colonization/exploration in N. America? S. America?
SPAIN – CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
PORTUGAL – BRAZIL
FRANCE – CENTRAL US/CANADA ENGLAND – NORTHEAST US
What role did Spanish priests play in the Americas? What were they trying to do?
TRIED TO SET UP MISSIONS TO OFFER PROTECTION FROM ENCOMIENDAS. ALSO ENCOURAGED SPANISH ROYALTY TO ABOLISH THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM.
Who was Bartolome de Las Casas? What did he want?
What opposition was there to colonization in the Americas?
A SPANISH MISSIONARY WHO’S OBSERVATIONS AND PREACHINGS CONVINCED SPAIN TO ABOLISH THE FORCED SLAVERY OF NATIVE AMERICANS – PLANTATION OWNERS OBJECTED TO HIS REQUESTS
Who did the Europeans use for labor in the New World when they first arrived? What did they need laborers for?
NATIVE AMERICANS – TO FARM AND MINE (PHYSICAL LABOR)
Why did the problems run into problems with their original labor source? Where did they turn?
NATIVES DIED OFF DUE TO EPIDEMIC DISEASE. SO THEY TURNED TO SLAVES FROM AFRICA.
What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?
THE CAPTURING AND TRADING OF AFRICAN SLAVES BY EUROPEANS TO COLONISTS IN THE AMERICAS TO WORK ON PLANTATIONS.
What advantages did Europeans see in African slaves over natives (Three)? (pg. 115)
IMMUNITY TO EPIDEMIC DISEASE, FAMILIARITY WITH FARMING, AND LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE AMERICAN CONTINENT (NO DESIRE TO ESCAPE).
Which two European countries dominated the slave trade? Where did each use their slaves? Which used the most in the 1600s?
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. SPAIN IN THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS AND IN CENTRAL AMERICA
PORTUGAL IN BRAZIL (PORTUGAL USED THE MOST)
What was triangular trade? Draw a diagram representing what went where.
CONTINUOUS TRADE BETWEEN THE AMERICAS, EUROPE, AND AFRICA.
SUGAR, MOLASSES, TOBACCO, AND COTTON WENT FROM AMERICAS TO EUROPE
SLAVES AND GOLD WENT FROM AFRICA TO AMERICAS AND EUROPE
RUM AND TOBACCO WENT TO AFRICA FROM THE AMERICAS
GUNS AND MANUFACTURED GOODS WENT FROM EUROPE TO AFRICA
There were two different triangles of trade. One went from Europe-Africa-West Indies (Caribbean) & back to Europe the other went from Europe-Africa-N. America (New England-NY) & back to Europe. Here’s the question: What did Europeans trade slaves for in the West Indies? What did they trade slaves for in New England & New York?
SUGAR, MOLASSES, COTTON, AND COFFEE 2. RUM, COTTON, AND TOBACCO
What was the middle passage?
SHIPMENT OF AFRICAN SLAVES FROM AFRICA TO THE AMERICAS
Where were products actually made (manufactured) from the raw materials?
CLOTHES/FURS. GUNS, WEAPONS, LIQUOR
What effect did the slave trade have on Africa (pg. 119)?
FAMILIES WERE SEPARATED AND NEVER REUNITED.
MANY COUNTRIES LOST THEIR BEST GENERATIONS OF YOUNG PERSONS, THUS LOSING FUTURE GENERATIONS.
GUNS WHICH WERE TRADED FOR BY AFRICANS WERE USED TO SPREAD TRIBAL WARFARE.
What does import mean? Export?
IMPORT – BUY FROM SOMEONE OUTSIDE OF YOUR COUNTRY
EXPORT – SELL TO SOMEONE FROM ANOTHER COUNTRY
What was the Columbian Exchange? How did it impact society in the new world? Old World?
THE INTRODUCTION TO NEW PRODUCTS THROUGH THE AGE OF EXPLORATION. PRODUCTS NATIVE TO BOTH THE OLD AND NEW WORLDS WERE INTRODUCED TO ONE ANOTHER. THEY TRIED TO GROW THESE NEW CROPS OR REAR THESE NEW ANIMALS IN THEIR HOMELANDS. IT LEAD TO BETTER NUTRITION, INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION, AND A POPULATION EXPLOSION.
What was considered old world? New world?
OLD – EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA NEW – NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
For the following items indicate whether they came from old world or new world:
Citrus fruit/Corn/Grain(rice/wheat)/Sugar cane/Disease(ex. Smallpox)/Livestock(cattle, pigs, horses, etc.)/Tomato/Potato/Banana
CITRUS FRUIT, GRAIN, SUGAR, DISEASE, LIVESTOCK, BANANA – OLD WORLD

CORN, TOMATO, POTATO – NEW WORLD
What was the Commercial Revolution? How did exploration contribute to it?
THE DRAMATIC CHANGE IN EUROPEAN ECONOMY AS A RESULT OF THE AGE OF EXPLORATION.
THE ERA CONTRIBUTED NEW WEALTH FOR EUROPE AS THE RESULT OF PLANTATIONS, RAW MATERIALS, CHEAP LABOR (SLAVES), AND A NEW MARKET TO SELL ITS MANUFACTURED GOODS TO. INDIVIDUALS AND COMPANIES BEGAN TO MAKE AN ELOBORATE AMOUNT OF MONEY AND THEN RE-INVEST IT INTO INDUSTRY. GAVE MERCHANTS AND FARM OWNERS MORE WEALTH/MORE POWER.
What were joint-stock companies? What were the advantages?
SIMILAR TO MODERN DAY COMPANIES, JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES WERE STARTED BY A GROUP OF INVESTORS POOLING THEIR RESOURCES TO START A BUSINESS AND MAKE MONEY. BY POOLING THEIR RESOURCES, THEY COULD HAVE MORE START-UP MONEY AND EACH INVESTOR WOULDN’T BE RISKING ALL THAT THEY HAD. IN THIS TIME PERIOD, THESE COMPANIES FOUNDED COLONIES IN THE NEW WORLD.
What was mercantilism?
ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DURING AGE OF EXPLORATION. IT WAS A BELIEF THAT A COUNTRY’S POWER DEPENDED ON HOW MUCH WEALTH IT HAD.
What does a favorable balance of trade mean? What does self-sufficient mean?
SELLING MORE THAN YOU BUY. BEING SELF-SUFFICIENT MEANS THAT YOU CAN PROVIDE YOURSELF WITH WHAT YOU NEED (SO YOU DON’T NEED TO BUY FROM SOMEONE ELSE).
How did colonies help mercantilist countries?
COLONIES PROVIDED SOURCES OF WEALTH. NATIVES HAD GOLD THAT THEY COULD WIN THROUGH CONQUEST OR HAVING THEM MINE. NATIVES ALSO COULD BE FORCED TO WORK ON PLANATATIONS (ENCOMIENDA) TO PROVIDE CROPS OR RAW MATERIALS THAT COULD BE TAKEN BACK TO EUROPE AND SOLD AS IS OR MADE INTO A MANUFACTURED GOOD.
Who was the first European country to reach China in the 1500s?
PORTUGAL
Who was Hongwu? Who did help drive out of China? What dynasty did he start?
REBEL GENERAL WHO HELPED CHINA DRIVE OUT THE MONGOLS. HE THEN BECAME THE FIRST EMPEROR OF THE MING DYNASTY.
What were the years of the dynasty that Hongwu started? How did Hongwu bring stability to China, especially in agriculture?
1368-1644; HONGWU RESTORED LAND OWNERSHIP TO CHINESE FARMERS AND BEGAN A SERIES OF AGRICULTURAL REFORM, LIKE IMPROVED IRRIGATION AND THE GROWING OF COMMERCIAL CROPS THAT INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION. HE ALSO SET UP A PERIOD OF PEACE WITHIN CHINA, WHERE GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WERE CHOSEN BASED ON MERIT (QUALIFICATIONS).
What was the tribute system? How did China use it?
A SYSTEM WHERE CHINA SHOWED ITS DOMINANCE OVER OTHER NEIGHBORING CULTURES. INFERIOR CULTURES PLEDGED THEIR LOYALTY TO THE CHINESE BY PROVIDING TRIBUTE (GIFTS) TO THE CHINESE IN RETURN FOR THEIR TRADE AND PROTECTION.
Who took over after Hongwu’s death? How did he view the outside world?
YONGLO WAS CURIOUS ABOUT THE OUTSIDE WORLD. HE WANTED TO EXPLORE IT AS WELL AS EXPAND CHINA’S TRIBUTE SYSTEM.
When did China start exploring? Who led the voyages? How many were there?
YONLO HAD ZHENG HE START EXPLORING IN 1405. HE LED 7 VOYAGES UNTIL HE WAS ORDERED TO STOP IN 1433.
What were Chinese voyages like (ship, crew, etc.)? Where did they go?
ZHENG HE SAILED ON HUGE “TREASURE” JUNK SHIPS, WHICH COULD BE AS LONG AS 440 FEET, DWARFING EUROPEAN SHIPS OF THE TIME. HE’S FLEET USUALLY NUMBERED 40-300 SHIPS WITH HUNDREDS OF MEN MANNING EACH SHIP. THE SHIPS THEMSELVES WERE LIKE “FLOATING” CITIES, WITH ITS OWN CROPS, ANIMALS, AND WORKERS FROM ALMOST EVERY PROFESSION. HE SAILED TO INDIA, THE ARABIAN PENINSULA, AND THE EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA.
What did the Chinese do when they got to foreign lands?
ZHENG HE SHOWED OFF CHINESE MAGNIFICENCE BY GIVING GIFTS TO THE PEOPLE HE ENCOUNTERED, LIKE GOLD, SILVER, SILK, AND OILS. IN RETURN, MANY COUNTRIES RETURNED TRIBUTE OFFERINGS WITH ZHENG HE.
How did the motivations for Chinese exploration differ from European motives? Similarities?
CHINESE EXPLORATION WAS MORE ABOUT CURIOSITY AND SPREADING ITS POWER. EUROPEANS WERE MORE INTERESTED IN QUICKER WAYS TO MAKE MONEY THROUGH TRADE. BOTH, HOWEVER, EVENTUALLY TRIED TO SHOW THEIR SUPERIORITY OVER THE NATIVES THEY ENCOUNTERED.
Why did China withdraw into isolation? When?
1433 CHINA DECIDED TO END EXPLORATION AND WIPED OUT ITS HISTORY BOOKS OF ITS EXISTENCE FOR 3 REASONS; 1) IT WAS TOO EXPENSIVE TO FUND, 2) CHINA WAS SELF-SUFFICIENT AND DIDN’T NEED TO INTERACT OR TRADE WITH THESE “INFERIOR” CULTURES, AND 3) TRADING WENT AGAINST CONFUCIAN IDEALS, WHICH STRESSED AGRICULTURE.
What was China’s official trade policy in the 1500s? What were the rules of trade?
RELATIVELY ISOLATED – FOREIGN COUNTRIES COULD ONLY TRADE AT CERTAIN CHINESE PORTS AND ONLY WITH CHINESE GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.
How did some Chinese break the rules?
SOME CHINESE MERCHANTS WERE EAGER TO TRADE WITH THE EUROPEANS BECAUSE THEY COULD OVERCHARGE THEM. SO MANY CHINESE MERCHANTS WOULD TRADE AT COASTAL TOWNS NOT INCLUDED IN THE TRADING RULES SO THEY COULD RECEIVE GOLD AND SILVER FROM EUROPEANS FOR THEIR SILK, SPICES, AND TEA.
What factors kept China from becoming highly industrialized? (see pg. 90)
CHINA’S CONFUCIAN IDEALS MADE THEM THINK LOWLY OF MERCHANTS. THEY BELIEVED AGRICULTURE SHOULD BE FAVORED, SO THE GOVERNMENT LEVIED (FORCED) HEAVY TAXES ON MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS.
What was the Qing dynasty? Who took control? When? How long?
INVADERS FROM MANCHURIA, CALLED MANCHUS, TOOK CONTROL OVER CHINA FROM THE MING DYNASTY. THEY RULED FROM 1644 INTO THE EARLY 1900’S (260 YEARS). THEY NAMED THEIR DYNASTY, THE QING DYNASTY.
What did foreign countries have to do if they wanted to trade w/ China? Who became a trade partner because they followed the rules?
THEY COULD ONLY TRADE AT CERTAIN PORTS WITH CHINESE GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND PAY TRIBUTE AND PRACTICING THE KOWTOW RITUAL.
What products did the trading partner get from the Chinese?
PORCELAINS, SILKS, TEA
What is kowtow?
RITUAL WHERE ONE KNEELS IN FRONT OF THE EMPEROR AND TOUCHES HIS HEAD TO THE GROUND 9 TIMES TO ACKNOWLDEGE THEIR SUBMISSION AND LOYALTY TO THE EMPEROR.
What did the British do to try to establish trade with China? Who was the British king at the time? Chinese emperor?
THEY SENT LETTERS FROM GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS TO SEEK BETTER TRADING TERMS WITH THE QING DYNASTY. BRITISH KING, GEORGE III, HOPED EMPEROR QIAN-LONG WOULD BE RECEPTIVE. HE WAS NOT HOWEVER, AND DID NOT CAVE TO THE BRITISH REQUESTS.
Who was the British leader of the expedition to China? Was he successful? Why/why not?
LORD GEORGE MACARTNEY WAS THE EMISSARY KING GEORGE III SENT. HE WAS UNSUCCESSFUL BECAUSE CHINA WAS SELF-SUFFICIENT AND DIDN’T NEED BRITISH GOODS, ESPECIALLY SINCE THEY WERE UNWILLING TO FOLLOW CHINESE TRADING RULES LIKE KOWTOW.
Ultimately, why was China able to have strict rules for trade & reject European influence?
CHINA WAS SELF-SUFFICIENT AND DIDN’T NEED NOR WANT EUROPEAN GOODS.
What are the main beliefs of Confucianism? Why did Confucianism help promote Chinese isolationism, not expansionism?
OBSERVING FIVE KEY RELATIONSHIPS, ANCESTOR WORSHIP, EDUCATION/CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS, YIN/YANG
CONFUCIANS BELIEVED FARMING WAS THE SPIRITUAL JOB OF ITS FOLLOWERS, THUS CHINA DID NOT NEED TO WASTE ITS TIME TRADING OR INDUSTRIALIZING B/C THEY’D BE DOING SOMETHING INFERIOR AND UNSPIRITUAL.
What was the period of Japanese history from 1467-1568 known as? Who were the powerful warlords & how did they contribute to the disorder?
SENGOKU, OR “WARRING STATES” PERIOD. POWERFUL WARLORDS, CALLED DAIMYO, WERE RICH AND WEALTHY LANDOWNERS WHO FOUGHT FOR CONTROL AND MORE LAND. THEY WERE SIMILAR TO EUROPEAN LORDS IN THAT THEY OWNED LAND AND PEOPLE WHO THEY PROVIDED LAND, FOOD, AND PROTECTION FOR FOUGHT AND PLEDGED THEIR LOYALTY TO THEM.
Who completely unified Japan? When? How did he do it? What position did he give himself?
TOKUGAWA IEYASU IN 1600 B/C HE WAS ABLE TO DEFEAT ALL OF THE DAIMYO HE WAS WARRING WITH. SO HE BECAME THE ELITE DAIMYO, OR SHOGUN.
Why was it important for the new leader to control the daimyo in order to have a centralized government? What does a centralized government mean?
BECAUSE THE DAIMYO CONTROL THE PEASANTS AND WARRIORS ON THEIR LANDS. SO IF THE SHOGUN CONTROLS ALL OF THE DAIMYO, THEN HE CONTROLS ALL OF JAPAN. A CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT MEANS THAT ALL FOLLOW THE SAME RULES AND ATTEMPT TO WORK TOGETHER FOR THE BETTERMENT OF THE COUNTRY.
How did the shogun keep the daimyo from rebelling?
HE CAME UP WITH AN ALTERNATE ATTENDANCE POLICY, REQUIRING THE DAIMYO TO SPEND EVERY OTHER YEAR AT THE CAPITAL WITH THE SHOGUN, OR TO HAVE HIS FAMILY STAY AT THE CAPITAL AS HOSTAGE IN PLACE OF THE DAIMYO.
What was the Tokugawa Shogunate? When was it established? How long did it last?
IT WAS A PERIOD OF RULE WITHIN JAPAN STARTED WITH TOKUGAWA’S CREATION OF THE SHOGUN POSITION.
IT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1603 AND LASTED UNTIL 1867.
What is feudalism?
A SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT WHERE LANDOWNERS PROVIDE FOOD, SHELTER, AND PROTECTION IN RETURN FOR COMPLETE AND TOTAL SUBMISSION BY PEASANTS. IN OTHER WORDS, A PEASANT GIVES UP HIS/HER FREEDOM IN ORDER TO HAVE FOOD, SHELTER, AND PROTECTION.
What was the social structure of the Tokugawa Shogunate? What role did the emperor play? Shogun?
1. EMPEROR (NO POLITICAL POWER, HOWEVER) 2. SHOGUN 3. DAIMYO 4. SAMURAI/WARRIORS 5. PEASANTS/ARTISANS 6. MERCHANTS
What was the structure of Japan’s social class system? Why was it in that order?
JAPANESE FEUDAL SYSTEM HAD SET UP SOCIETY IN THIS WAY. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SHOGUN ONLY REPLACED POLITICAL POWER, NOT SOCIAL. MERCHANTS GAINED STATUS SLOWLY B/C OF JAPANESE ADMIRATION OF WESTERN TECHNOLOGY AND SMALLER TAXES AGAINST INDUSTRY.
Who were the first Europeans to reach Japan? How?
PORTUGESE SAILORS WHO WERE SHIPWRECKED AND WASHED ASHORE.
How did Japanese view European merchants at first? What items were daimyos interested in? Why?
THEY WERE EAGER TO RECEIVE THE MANUFACTURED GOODS EUROPEANS HAD WITH THEM, MOST IMPORTANTLY GUNS! (IN ADDITION TO TOBACCO, CLOCKS, AND EYEGLASSES)
How did Europeans change Japanese warfare?
SAMURAI AND DAIMYO SWITCHED TO USING GUNS IN ATTEMPTS TO GAIN SUPERIORITY OVER ONE ANOTHER.
CITIES ALSO CHANGED AS CANON WARFARE WAS INTRODUCED AND CITY WALLS WERE NEEDED.
When did Christian missionaries arrive Japan? What as their goal? Were they accepted? Why/why not?
1549. THEY WANTED TO CHRISTIANIZE THE JAPANESE AND WERE ACCEPTED AT FIRST B/C THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATED THEM WITH THE EUROPEAN GUNS AND GOODS THE JAPANESE ADORED.
What impact did missionaries have on Japanese society?
FRANCIS XAVIER AND THE JESUITS WERE ABLE TO CONVERTS HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF JAPANESE TO CHRISTIANITY.
What was the main religion of Japan? What was the goal of this religion? How did they reach it?
BUDDHISM – ATTAIN ENLIGHTENMENT THROUGH MEDITATION/ELIMINATING DESIRE
What role did the time in which Europeans arrived & what was going on in Japan play in their ability to gain acceptance?
CHRISTIANS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH GOODS THE JAPANESE ADORED, SO THEY WERE ACCEPTED INITIALLY.
What problems did Tokugawa have with Christian missionaries? What did he do in 1612?
THE NUMBER OF CONVERTS THE CHRISTIANS HAD CLASHED WITH TRADITIONAL BUDDHISTS. IN 1612, TOKUGAWA BANNED CHRISTIANITY FROM JAPAN.
What policy did the Tokugawa shoguns enact for visitors? Where was trade allowed & with whom?
THE CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY – ONE PORT, NAGASAKI WAS OPEN TO FOREIGN TRADE. ONLY THE DUTCH AND CHINESE WERE ALLOWED TO TRADE WITH JAPAN UNDER THIS POLICY. IT REMAINED IN TACT FOR ALMOST 200 YEARS.