Experiment 1 Handwashing

Front 1

Who was Dr. Ignaz semmelweis and how was he important to hand washing?

Back 1

He was the first to introduce any type of hand washing standards. He beleived that infections were easily spread from person to person and could be prevented by hand washing. He proposed that by using a chlorinated lime solution you could stop the infection from spreading from person to person.

Front 2

Define fomite

Back 2

any inanimate object that could transmit an infectious agent from one person to another.

Front 3

What is direct contact?

Back 3

it involves physical contact b/n someone who is infected and someone who is not.

Front 4

what is indirect contact?

Back 4

does not involve direct human contact. it would occur in situations such as an infected person sneezing and a healthy person breathing it in.

Front 5

what is droplet contact?

Back 5

occurs when infected droplets come into contact with surfaces such as your eyes, nose, or mouth.

Front 6

Describe airborne transmission

Back 6

droplet nuclei containing infected particles remain suspended in the air for long periods of time and they are able to enter the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Front 7

describe fecal-oral transmission

Back 7

infectious microorganisms are shed by the infected person through fecal matter and it is spread by someone ingesting contaminated materials.

Front 8

describe vector-borne transmission

Back 8

occurs when an infectious disease is spread by vectors such as mosquitoes, rats, flies, mites, ticks, or dogs.

Front 9

In many modern hospitals, immunocomprised patients, such as those undergoing bone marrow transplants, are placed in positive pressure rooms where the air pressure is higher than that found in the adjoining hallway/areas. The same hospital may keep patients suffering from tuberculosis in negative pressure rooms, where the air pressure in the room is lower than that in adjoining areas. explain the difference in these two strategies and why the hospital would employ these different conditions.

Back 9

the CDC has standards fro controlling the air pressure in a patient's room by which the hospital must follow. for patients suspected of airborne diseases such as tuberculosis, a negative air pressure is used. it keeps a flow air into the room rather than out of the room so that the disease does not spread to other areas. if a patient is immunocompromised they are kept in a room with positive air pressure. the positive air pressure keeps air flowing out of the room so that no other infectious agents may enter and harm the patient. it is important for hospitals to employ these conditions so that they may protect their patients from the spread of any harmful microorganism that may cause potentially life threatening infections.

Front 10

what are the scientific names of some common normal flora of the skin?

Back 10

Corynebacterium xerosis (bacterium)
micrococcus spp. (bacterium)
mycobacterium spp. (bacterium)
pityrosporum spp. (yeast)
propionbacterium acnes (bacterium)
staphylococcus epidermis (bacterium)

Front 11

what is mircobiology?

Back 11

the study of organism too small to study or view with the naked eye

Front 12

what does microorganism include?

Back 12

yeast, molds, fungi
viruses
bacteria

Front 13

define ubiquitous

Back 13

existing or being everywhere at the same time

Front 14

where can microorganisms be found?

Back 14

air
soil
yellowstone hot springs
antartic ice cap
living in and on humans and animals in areas such as the skin and alimentary canal (mouth to nose)

Front 15

what is the single most effective way to prevent spread of infection and disease?

Back 15

handwashing

Front 16

what does frequently washing your hands do for you?

Back 16

washes away germs that you might have picked up from other ppl, contaminated surfaces, animals, and human or animal waste

Front 17

what is the approximate number of bacteria living in and on the human body

Back 17

10^13

Front 18

true or false: bacteria commonly present in and on the human body is essential to human survival

Back 18

true

Front 19

what is the ratio of bacterial cells to human cells

Back 19

10 to 1

Front 20

what is normal flora?

Back 20

organisms that are permanent colonists on the human body which survive and multiply in or on the human body

Front 21

true or false: normal flora never cause disease. explain.

Back 21

false. normal flora can become pathogenic if they enter the bloodstream of tissues.

Front 22

what is normal flora of the skin associated with?

Back 22

associated with sweat and oil glands found in the lower layers of the skin (dermis)

Front 23

what is the funciton of normal flora of the intestinal tract?

Back 23

aid in the breakdown of nutrients and digestion.

Front 24

what ways do normal flora benefit humans?

Back 24

protect the body against pathogens
prevent colonization by pathogens by competing for attachment sites and/or essential nutrients
antagonize other bacteria through the production of substances which inhibit or kill non-indigenous species
synthesize and excite vitamins and nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized the host organism (human)
maintains the normal function/health of colon

Front 25

how does enteric bacteria benefit you?

Back 25

secretes vitamin K and certain B vitamins including B12

Front 26

what areas are normal flora found?

Back 26

skin
eyes
nose
mouth
upper throat
lower urethra
lower intestine
especially in the large intestine

Front 27

where should you not find bacteria in a normal, healthy human?

Back 27

brain
blood
sinuses
lower respiratory tract
kidney
bladder
uterus

Front 28

define transient flora

Back 28

organisms that are not firmly entrenched in or on the skin. they reside here only temporarily. can not multiply within the skin, usually die within a few hours or get washed off.

Front 29

where is transient flora normally found?

Back 29

usually found in dry, outer layer of the skin (epidermis)

Front 30

describe how skin acts as a barrier

Back 30

skin is the largest organ of the body and if intact it is an effective barrier against pathogens.

Front 31

what causes nosocomial infections?

Back 31

normal flora of the body residing as transient flora

Front 32

how is nosocomial infections spread?

Back 32

spread to patients by direct or indirect contact involving health care workers. this is a danger b/c these patients are usually compromised by illness, surgery, or injury already.

Front 33

what is an approximate number of infections and how many deaths?

Back 33

infects about 2 million ppl each year causing about 20,000 deaths.

Front 34

how might a pathogen enter the body through the skin?

Back 34

lacerations
openings of hair follicles and sweat glands
intact skin (ringworm)

Front 35

how might a pathogen enter the body through the respiratory tract?

Back 35

some pathogens are airborne. you can be exposed by breathing in these pathogens. a healthy respiratory system produces mucos which traps the pathogens and later excretes them.

Front 36

how might a pathogen enter the body through the digestive system?

Back 36

ingesting contaminated food or water
touching your mouth, licking fingers, putting fingers into your mouth
biting nails

Front 37

what is epidemiology?

Back 37

study of factors influencing occurence, transmission, distribution, prevention, and control of disease.

Front 38

define epidemic

Back 38

occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy

Front 39

define endemic

Back 39

present or usually prevalent in a population or geographic area at all times

Front 40

define pandemic

Back 40

widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region, country, continent, or globally.

Front 41

what is nutrient agar?

Back 41

general growth media. it grows most organisms such as bacteria, yeast, mold, and fungi fairly well. it is the most commonly used in labs.

Front 42

CHECK FOR EXTRA STUFF IN THE FOLDER FOR EXPERIMENT 1 HANDWASHING!!!!

Back 42

!!!!!!!!!!!