Exp Final

Front 1

Trapold and Fowler trained rats to escape electric shock in a start box of an alley. The results of this experiment indicated that:

Back 1

the greater the shock intensity, the shorter the latency to escape from the box.

Front 2

In active avoidance training, the subject is trained to:

Back 2

make a response in order to prevent the occurrence of an aversive event.

Front 3

Increasing the intensity of the aversive event interferes with the acquisition of the avoidance task in the

Back 3

two-way active avoidance procedure.

Front 4

You receive a ticket for speeding and are fined $500. What type of punishment is this?

Back 4

response cost

Front 5

To avoid your dentist appointment you call the dental office and tell them your car has broken down and you cannot make your appointment. This represents __________ avoidance.

Back 5

active

Front 6

For punishment to be effective it should:

Back 6

be immediate.

Front 7

Negative punishment involves:

Back 7

the loss of positive reinforcement following an unwanted behavior.

Front 8

Banks sometimes penalize depositors for making early withdrawal of funds from fixed-time accounts. The monetary penalty is a form of punishment known as:

Back 8

response-cost

Front 9

Based on his early research, Skinner concluded that punishing a response

Back 9

temporarily reduces the frequency of the response.

Front 10

Powell and Azrin punished cigarette smoking with electric shock. Their findings indicated

Back 10

the smoking rate decreased as shock intensity increased.

Front 11

In the American legal system, it is said that defendants should receive a speedy trial. If a defendant is found guilty, a speedy trial:

Back 11

will make the punishment more effective in suppressing undesired behavior

Front 12

Negative effects of punishment include:

Back 12

modeling of aggression.
generalization to appropriate behaviors.
pain induced aggression
(ALL OF THE ABOVE)

Front 13

Effective punishment is:
severe

Back 13

severe
consistent
immediate
(ALL OF THE ABOVE)

Front 14

Another name for flooding is:

Back 14

response prevention.

Front 15

__________ differs from the typical extinction procedure because the feared stimulus cannot be escaped.

Back 15

flooding

Front 16

According to response deprivation theory, reducing the baseline occurrence of a certain activity:

Back 16

allows that activity to become a reinforcer if allowed to engage in that activity.

Front 17

Eating is more probable than bar pressing in a food deprived rat. Therefore eating will reinforce bar pressing. This sounds like:

Back 17

Premack’s probability-differential theory.

Front 18

In grade-school children, coloring is a higher probability behavior than doing arithmetic problems. If the opportunity to do arithmetic problems is restricted below its operant baseline, arithmetic problems should be able to serve as a reinforcer according to:

Back 18

response deprivation theory

Front 19

The unrestricted level of performance of two operant behaviors produces a paired basepoint called the __________ behavior allocation view of behavior

Back 19

blisspoint

Front 20

According to the behavior allocation view, changing from a 1:2 contingency to a 1:1 or 2:1 contingency has what effect on the desired behavior?

Back 20

It decreases the behavior.

Front 21

You have to choose between two restaurants, both of which have reinforcing food selections. Restaurant A has greater reinforcing selections than restaurant B. According to the matching law how will you behave?

Back 21

You will eat at both A and B but more often at A

Front 22

According to the __________ theory, a specific choice is determined by which alternative is perceived to be most attractive at that moment.

Back 22

momentary maximization

Front 23

The __________ assumes that behavior is aimed toward obtaining as many reinforcers as possible.

Back 23

maximizing law

Front 24

In D’Amato’s explanation of avoidance conditioning, the avoidance response is motivated by fear and rewarded by

Back 24

the conditioning of relief.

Front 25

According to Levis & Boyd, the important factor in the extinction of avoidance learning is:

Back 25

the duration of the extinction trials.

Front 26

For Denny (1971), as the inter-trial interval increases, the amount of conditioned relief:

Back 26

also increases.

Front 27

Thorndike suggested that punishment weakened the S-R bond. This was called the:

Back 27

negative law of effect

Front 28

Mowrer developed a two-factor theory of avoidance learning and a __________-factor model of punishment.

Back 28

two

Front 29

For Estes, the primary mechanism of punishment is

Back 29

competition of motives.

Front 30

For Guthrie, effective punishment must produce:

Back 30

behavior that is antagonistic to the unwanted response

Front 31

The belief that the laws of operant conditioning hold for many different species and situations has been championed by:

Back 31

Skinner

Front 32

According to Timberlake, when an animal learned less rapidly than expected by the laws of conditioning, the animal is displaying:

Back 32

a constraint on learning

Front 33

Timberlake, Wahl, and King (1982) proposes that animal misbehavior is due to __________ in the situation.

Back 33

both operant and Pavlovian conditioning

Front 34

Schedule-induced behavior is most often seen in:

Back 34

fixed interval schedules.

Front 35

Schedule-induced polydipsia is a good animal model of human alcoholism because:

Back 35

all of the choices are correct.

Front 36

Lorenz’s demonstration of imprinting is related to Ainsworth’s findings that human infants prefer to attach to:

Back 36

mothers who are responsive and sensitive to the infant’s needs.

Front 37

Harlow observed that infant monkeys prefer to attach to:

Back 37

terry cloth rather than wire mesh mothers.

Front 38

According to the associative learning view, imprinting occurs because objects of attachment:

Back 38

reduce fear.

Front 39

Research by Ainsworth and associates indicates that mothers who meet the needs of their infants will have a/an __________ relationship with their infant.

Back 39

secure

Front 40

According to Bolles, the particular species-specific defense response that will be shown by a rat is determined by:

Back 40

the type of environmental danger confronting the rat.

Front 41

Electrical stimulation of the __________ is pleasurable and motives behavior.

Back 41

medial forebrain bundle

Front 42

The memory consolidation effect of reinforcement appears to be due to an increased amount of brain activity in the:

Back 42

nigrostriatal pathway.

Front 43

Cocaine and amphetamine appear to have their reinforcing effects by interacting with the __________ neurotransmitter.

Back 43

dopamine

Front 44

The motivational and reinforcing effects of reinforcers are positively correlated with the level of activity in the __________ reinforcement system.

Back 44

mesotelencephalic

Front 45

According to the work of the Brelands, the ability of food reinforcement to control behavior is limited because:

Back 45

food reinforcement elicits instinctive behaviors that interfere with responding.

Front 46

An excitatory generalization gradient refers to:

Back 46

the ability of stimuli of than the original CS to elicit the conditioned response.

Front 47

Lashley and Wade proposed that generalization occurs when:

Back 47

subjects fail to discriminate between training and test stimuli.

Front 48

Peterson raised one group of ducks in cages illuminated with monochromatic light and another with normal light. Later, the ducks were tested for the generalization of a key peck response to the light stimuli. The results showed that:

Back 48

the ducks raised in the monochromatic light had a flatter generalization gradient than the other ducks.

Front 49

In the two-choice discrimination task, the SD
and SΔ are

Back 49

in the same sensory modality.

Front 50

In times of disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes, looters often rob stores. These looters recognize that it is relatively safe to steal because law enforcement is busy dealing with the disaster. In terms of the operations for discrimination learning, looters are operating in a __________ procedure.

Back 50

conditional discrimination

Front 51

The two-choice discrimination task often produces behavioral contrast, which refers to:

Back 51

an increase in responding to the SD
and a decrease in responding to SΔ over training trials.

Front 52

Occasion-setting properties of a CS refers to the ability of the CS to:

Back 52

facilitate responding to another CS.

Front 53

The peak shift in generalization refers to:

Back 53

the highest level of responding to a test stimulus rather than to the SD.

Front 54

According to the text, the reduction in the response level to the SΔ that occurs with discrimination training is most likely due to the fact that the SΔ:

Back 54

developed aversive properties.

Front 55

In Kohler’s theory of discrimination training, the peak shift phenomenon is called:

Back 55

transposition

Front 56

Which of the following is the most important step in producing errorless discrimination learning?

Back 56

Introduce the SΔ gradually and early in training.

Front 57

In Sutherland and Mackintosh’s theory of attention, the subject in a discrimination task discovers the relevant stimulus dimension on the basis of:

Back 57

perceptual analyzers being activated.

Front 58

The Hull-Spence theory of discrimination training is called a continuity view. Continuity means that:

Back 58

the discrimination is learned gradually by the buildup of excitation to the SD and inhibition to the SΔ.

Front 59

Wagner, Logan, Haberlandt, and Price (1968) showed that __________ is an important factor in discrimination learning.

Back 59

predictiveness

Front 60

In discrimination training, the continuity approach explains how the emotional components are learned and the noncontinuity approach describes the __________ components of discrimination learning.

Back 60

attentional

Front 61

Bandura and Adams completed a study showing how efficacy expectations influence phobic behavior. They found that:

Back 61

clients who believed they could interact with a phobic object were more successful in overcoming the phobia.

Front 62

Which of the following statements best describes Tolman’s view of the learning process?

Back 62

Learning allows for the acquisition of signs and expectation which then influence behavior when a demand is present.

Front 63

The results of Tolman’s place learning studies indicated that rats:

Back 63

that entered a maze at different location but always found food at the same site performed better than rats who entered the maze at different locations but had to make the identical turning response to find food.

Front 64

According to the text, response learning is superior to place learning in rats:

Back 64

when there are enough cues available to allow for spatial orientation.

Front 65

The results of Tolman’s latent learning experiment indicated that:

Back 65

learning does not require reward; however, for animals to perform what they have already learned, reward must be present.

Front 66

According to the text, an expectancy is defined as:

Back 66

a mental representation of event contingencies.

Front 67

According to Dickinson, two type of declarative (factual) information are contained in an expectancy. One is called an associative link that represents a connection between:

Back 67

a CS and UCS learned on the basis of drive reduction.

Front 68

According to the text, the irrelevant incentive effect is evidence for the existence of:

Back 68

CS-UCS associative links.

Front 69

According to Dickinson, __________ control operant/instrumental behavior early in training; however, with prolonged training, operant/instrumental behavior is governed by __________.

Back 69

behavior-reinforcer beliefs; stimulus-response habits

Front 70

In the original work by Maier and Seligman (1976), the dogs that displayed the learned helplessness effect received __________ before being trained in an avoidance task.

Back 70

inescapable shock

Front 71

Tine has suffered many rejections lately. Nothing she does seems to prevent those rejections, and now she has begum to believe that events in life cannot be controlled by her behavior. According to Seligman, her expectation that life events cannot be controlled is called:

Back 71

learned helplessness

Front 72

In Experiment 1 of Rizley’s 1978 study it was found that depressed subjects attributed success to:

Back 72

external factors such as luck.

Front 73

Seligman’s original theory of learned helplessness was deemed inadequate because it does not easily explain:

Back 73

why some people actually improve performance following uncontrolled experiences.

Front 74

According to Seligman’s revised helplessness theory, which of the following set of statements was most likely made by a depressed person?

Back 74

“I am no good, I will never be good at anything.”

Front 75

An individual is more likely to become depressed if he or she believes that personal problems are due to
internal, stable, and __________ factors.

Back 75

global

Front 76

Concepts have attributes which refer to:

Back 76

relevant properties of an object

Front 77

Rules are used to determine:

Back 77

which objects are examples of a concept.

Front 78

The affirmative rule in concept formation stipulates that defines an example of the concept.

Back 78

one common property

Front 79

For the disjunctive rule to be used to define a concept, ____________ must be present.

Back 79

one of two or both attributes

Front 80

A prototype of a concept represents:

Back 80

the object with the greatest number of attributes in common with other members of the concept.

Front 81

Which theory of concept learning claims that a person learns concepts by testing hypotheses about the correct solution?

Back 81

cognitive process theory

Front 82

Kohler (1925) conducted a classic study on problem solving shown by apes. He concluded that the apes learned to get reward through:

Back 82

insight

Front 83

The first step in problem solving is to define the problem. In defining the problem, the __________ must be known.

Back 83

the initial state and the goal

Front 84

An algorithm is a strategy for problem solving that depends upon:

Back 84

the completion of a fixed set of steps to solve the problem.

Front 85

In the heuristic approach to problem solving, the ____________ strategy is followed.

Back 85

“best-guess”

Front 86

The major limitation of the heuristic approach to problem solving is that:

Back 86

there is no guarantee that the correct solution is produced.

Front 87

Phonemes are best described as:

Back 87

the basic sound patterns that are used to compose the words contained in a language.

Front 88

Morphemes are best described as:

Back 88

the simplest combination of phonemes that have meaning.

Front 89

According to Chomsky, the arrangement of words in a sentence represents its ____________; however, the meaning of the sentence is its ______________.

Back 89

surface structure; deep structure

Front 90

In general, psycholinguists have considered Skinner’s theory of language acquisition to be:

Back 90

incorrect since it does not account for the creative aspects of language use.

Front 91

According to the memory model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971), there are three stages in the storage of information called the:

Back 91

sensory register, short-term store, and the long-term store.

Front 92

The sensory register for auditory information is called:

Back 92

echoic memory.

Front 93

In 1956, George Miller proposed that the capacity of the short-term store is:

Back 93

7 plus or minus 2 items.

Front 94

Baddeley has postulated that the ____________ regulates the functions of the rehearsal systems.

Back 94

central executive

Front 95

Tulving has proposed that there are two types of long-term memory. Memory for personal events is called ______________ memory, and memory for knowledge requiring language use is called ______________ memory.

Back 95

episodic; semantic

Front 96

According to Squire (1986), memory for a motor skill is called a _______________ memory.

Back 96

procedural

Front 97

Eric Kandel and his associates use the sea mollusk, Aplysia Californica, to study how learning:

Back 97

modifies neuronal activity.

Front 98

Which areas of the brain appear to be most important for memory storage?

Back 98

The medial temporal lobe and the mediodorsal thalamus.

Front 99

All the following brain structures have been implicated as important in the control of memory except the:

Back 99

medulla oblongata

Front 100

______________ is memory disorder associated with alcoholism.

Back 100

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Front 101

Which of the following is not an aspect of the rehearsal systems approach?

Back 101

associative complex

Front 102

The facilitation of recall of specific information following exposure to closely related information is called

Back 102

priming

Front 103

Which model of memory proposes that “knowledge” is not found in the nodes but is spread throughout the connections?

Back 103

parallel distribution

Front 104

Which type of rehearsal produces the greatest likelihood information will be recalled?

Back 104

elaborative

Front 105

Which type of memory is especially vulnerable to distortion?

Back 105

episodic

Front 106

Remembering what gifts your received for Christmas last year would utilize which memory attribute?

Back 106

temporal

Front 107

Which of the following is not one of Underwood’s 10 attributes of memory?

Back 107

phonetic

Front 108

On a visit to your old elementary school, a flood of old memories come to mind. This is due to the __________ attribute of memory.

Back 108

context

Front 109

In school you learned French and later learned Spanish. If prior experience with French prevents your recall of Spanish, which type of interference has occurred?

Back 109

proactive

Front 110

Which view of interference provides a mechanism for the effect of recency on behavior?

Back 110

generalized competition

Front 111

The finding in eyewitness testimony research that witnesses remember both the original event and the misleading information but cannot discriminate between the “real” and “suggested” versions is similar to which view of forgetting?

Back 111

list differentiation

Front 112

The creation of an inaccurate record of childhood sexual abuse is referred to as the:

Back 112

false memory syndrome

Front 113

Motivated forgetting is most similar to Freud’s concept of:

Back 113

repression

Front 114

Which of the following has been proposed as the cause of directed forgetting?

Back 114

the forget cue is a poor retrieval cue and stops the rehearsal process

Front 115

According to Zola-Morgan and Squire (1993), where are memories stored?

Back 115

medial temporal lobe and mediodorsal thalamus

Front 116

The method of loci was created by the __________ to help memorize speeches.

Back 116

Greeks

Front 117

Which of the following is not a true function of memory attributes as retrieval cues.

Back 117

In order to retrieve a memory, all possible memory attributes must be used.

Front 118

Mnemonics are most effective when:

Back 118

vivid images are created and reliance on a well-learned body of knowledge

Front 119

Based upon the text, which of the following statements is most consistent with Loftus’s research on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

Back 119

Eyewitness testimony can be made inaccurate by asking questions that lead to change in the memory of an event.

Front 120

The false memory syndrome refers to:

Back 120

the creation of an inaccurate memory record, such as imagined sexual abuse