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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Plato |
Nativism |
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Nativism |
We’re all born with all the knowledge we need we just need experience to reveal it |
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Aristotle |
Empiricism |
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Empiricism |
Our ideas come from our experiences |
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Associationism |
Memory depends on pairs of things |
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Aristotles association |
Recalling one item of the pair brings a memory of the other |
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Contiguity |
Nearness/time in space |
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Frequency |
Experience of frequent contiguous events |
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Similarity |
If two or more things are similar one will trigger the other |
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James |
Proposed central goal of psychology of “formation and maintenance” |
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Pavlov |
Classical conditioning |
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Classical conditioning |
Two concepts become linked in our mind |
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Extinction |
Reducing a learned response to stimulus by stopping pairing |
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Generalization |
Transfer of past learning to novel events |
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Thorndike |
Operant conditioning |
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Instrumental/Operant conditioning |
Animal learns to behave in a way that obtains reward and or avoid punishment |
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Law of effect |
A particular behavioral response will have the probability of increasing or decreasing based on consequence of response |
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Descartes |
Nature + Dualism |
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Nature |
I think therefore I am |
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Dualism |
The mind and body are separate |
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Locke |
Nurture + complex ideas come from simple ones |
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Watson |
Behaviorism + environment and experiences determine our behavior and capabilities |
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Behaviorism |
Study of observable traits |
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Skinner |
Skinner box + radical behavioralism |
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Radical Behaviorism |
Consciousness and free will are illusions |
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Darwin |
Natural selection + Evolution |
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Natural Selection requires |
Inheritability Variability Fitness |
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Tolman |
Neo behaviorism + believed that rats had goals and ambition |
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Latent learning |
Learning exhibited at a later dares |
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Evolution |
How species adapt over time to their changing environment |
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Two divisions of the nervous system |
CNS and PNS |
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CNS |
Brain + Spinal cord |
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PNS |
Everything else |
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divisions of the PNS |
Autonomic and somatic |
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Autonomic functions |
Breathing Heart rate Digestion (All automatic functions in the body) |
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Somatic functions |
Sensory information Voluntary movement |
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Autonomic divisions |
Parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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Sympathetic |
Fight or flight |
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Parasympathetic |
Rest and digest |
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Subcritical structures of the brain include |
Basal ganglia Thalamus Amygdala Hippocampus |
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Basal ganglia |
Group of structures Learning, planning and production of skilled movements |
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Amygdala |
Emotional memories |
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Hippocampus |
Memory Declarative memories and spatial navigation |
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Thalamus |
Relay station Receives sensory info and sends it to the cortex |
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Structural imaging |
Able to track changes over time Creates images of anatomical structures within the living brain Able to track changes over time |
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Types of structural imaging |
MRI diffusion tensor imaging |
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Functional neuro imaging |
Shows what brains are doing at the time of imaging Learning must be associated with new patterns of activity in the brain |
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Types of functional imaging |
fMRI EEG Neurophysiology |
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Dendrites |
Receiving info from other neurons |
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Soma (cell body) |
Integrates info coming in |
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Axon hillock |
Decides to send or not send action potential |
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Axon (branch) |
Propagates the electrical signal |
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Myelin sheath |
Fatty insulation around axon that Helps conduction velocity |
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Breaks between myelin sheath |
Nodes of ranvier |
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Nodes of ranvier |
Area where action potentials are regenerated |
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Axon terminals |
Sends out info to other neurons |
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What is A pointing to |
Dendrite |
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B |
Soma (cell body) |
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C |
Nucleus |
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D |
Axon hillock |
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E |
Myelin sheath |
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F |
Axon (Branch) |
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G |
Noses of ranvier |
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H |
Axon terminals |
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Action potential is all or nothing because |
Once the neuron reactions the action potential it fires and if it doesn’t reach this it doesn’t forever |
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Plasticity |
Capacity of brain structures to change over time |
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How can experience affect our brainn |
Networks of neurons can be rewired or replaced Neuron features may be strengthened or weakened New functions or new neurons can form |
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Imprinting plasticity |
Young chicks have extreme structural changes after imprinting on visual stimuli |
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Plasticity environmental enrichment |
Providing young rats with more opportunities for learning, social interaction and exercise leads to visible changes in their neurons |
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Plasticity cab drivers |
London taxi drivers have slightly larger hippocampal volumes which could be from increase in dendritic branching in hippocampal neurons |
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Hebbian learning |
Neurons that fire together wire together Learning that involves strengthening connections between neurons that work together |
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Lashley |
Looking for engram location Developed theory of equipotentiality Found that no matter which region of the cortex he lesioned rats kept performing task |
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Theory of equipotentiality |
Memories are not stored in one area of the brain |
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Presynaptic neuron |
Axon terminals |
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Post synaptic neuron |
Dendrite |
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Synapse action |
Voltage gates Ca2+ comes into terminal interacts with vesicles inside axon terminal Vesicles with neurotransmitters are now in synaptic cleft and interact with receptors on dendrite |
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What channels need to open in order to release neurotransmitters |
Voltage gated ca2+ |
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What are synaptic changes that can occur to strengthen synapses |
More NT is released by interneuron New synapses forming Shift in synaptic input |
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LTP |
Mechanism of hebbian learning that brains use to store memory traces in synaptic connections between neurons |
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LTP can lead to |
Synaptic changes that strengthen the connection |
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LTP requires what glutamate receptors |
AMPA and NMDA |
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LTP AMPA |
1.Glutamate binds to AMPA Chanels and Na+ comes in 2. Depolarization occurs to remove Mg2+ ion blocking the channel 3. NMDA is activated and ca2+ and Na+ can now enter through NMDA neuron 4. Ca2+ signals the events for LTP to occur |
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Ligand gated |
Requires something to bind to it to activate it |
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Ionotropic |
Ion channel |
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Metatrophic |
Has G protein on inside of cell that goes to open and close channels |
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LTP drugs |
Act on NMDA receptors which interfere with enhanced memory formation |
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CNQX |
Inhibits AMPA receptor affecting LTP which blocks neural transmission |
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AP5 |
Blocks NMDA receptor function This blocks LTP without blocking neural transmission |
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Protein synthesis inhibitors |
Blocks production of proteins like AMPA receptors Blocks LTP Blocks synaptic plasticity |
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Tetrodotoxin |
Blocks Na+ channels Kills electrical activity so there is no action potential |
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Long Term Depression (LTD) |
Synaptic transmission becomes less effective as a result of recent activity |
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When presynaptic neurons are repeatedly active but the postsynaptic neurons don’t respond |
LTD happens |
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Synaptic changes that lead to weakening the connection so LTD forms |
Long term structural changes in neurons or synapses Decrease in responsiveness of postsynaptic neuron |
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How do we know that LTP is a neural mechanism for learning and memory |
Learning can produce LTP like changes LTP effects are greatest in brain areas involved in learning and memory (hippocampus) Drugs that interfere with LTP also interfere with memory |
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Behavior defined |
Activity that can be observed or measured |
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Learning |
Relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience |
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Elicited Behavior |
Reflex behavior Vertebrate reflex arc |
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Things that are not learning |
Fatigue Physical growth/maturation Sensory adaptation |
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Associative learning |
Connection between two or more thing Classical and operant conditioning |
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Non associated learning |
Learning about one stimulus with repeated exposure Habituation, sensitization, perceptual learning |
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Habituation |
Decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior |
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Ways to study habituation |
Orienting response Acoustic startle reflex in rats |
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Importance of habituation |
Decrease in responsiveness to familiar stimuli avoids using time and energy on unnecessary things |
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Spontaneous recovery |
Reappearance or increase in strength of a previously habituated response after a short period of no stimulus presentation |
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Dishabituation |
Renewal of a response that occurs when presented with novel stimulus |
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Habituation is stimulus specific because |
Habituation to one event doesn’t cause habituation to every other stimulus in the same sensory modality |
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A |
Short term habitation |
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C |
Long term habituation |
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B |
Spontaneous recovery |
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D |
Dishabituation |
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Dual process theory |
Habituation and sensitization are independent of each other but operate in parallel |
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Sensitization |
Experience of Arousing stimulus lead to an increased behavioral response to repeated presentations |
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Priming |
Prior experience to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognize that stimulus later |
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Perceptual learning |
Repeated experiences with a set of stimuli make those stimuli easier to distinguish |
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Priming vs perceptual learning |
Both are more effective processing with later encounters with the stimuli Perceptual learning results in long lasting ability to tell similar stimuli apart Priming is short term changes |
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Why use aplysia California to study learning |
20,000 neurons Relatively big neurons that can be seen with the naked eye Neural circuits are hardwired |
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Gill withdrawal reflex |
Involuntary defensive mechanism of sea slug that causes delicate siphon gill to be retracted when animal is disturbed |