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300 Cards in this Set
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What is existential therapy?
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Existential therapy is a process of searching for the value and meaning in life.
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Founder of Person-Centered Therapy
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Carl Rogers
Humanistic, Optimistic, Overly-simplified |
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What is attention given to in Existential Therapy?
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Attention is given to clients' immediate ongoing experience with the aim of helping them develop a greater presence in their quest for meaning and purpose.
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What is the therapist's basic task for Existential Therapy?
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The therapist's basic task is to help clients recognize that they do not have to remain passive victims of their circumstances but instead can consciously become architects of their lives.
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Who developed Person-Centered Therapy and the humanistic movement in psychotherapy?
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Carl Rogers
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Who are 4 key figures in existential therapy?
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Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, James Bugental, and Irvin Yalom.
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General message
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You're good enough, you just need to have trust and faith that you're gonna be able to figure this out
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How did the 4 key figures of existential therapy develop their existential approaches?
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They developed their existential approaches to psychotherapy from strong backgrounds in existential and humanistic psychology.
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Holism
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Gestalt therapy sees the whole as more than the sum of it's parts. Interested in thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, memories, dreams
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View of human nature
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humans are trustworthy and positive
humans are capable of making changes and living productive, effective lives humans innately gravitate towards self-actualization (actualizing tendency) |
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Who were Viktor Frankl and Rollo May influenced by?
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Frued and Adler
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What in Rogers's life impacted the development of the theory?
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his family life and background
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Humanistic worldviewv
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People are basically good and will actualize in the absence of interference (stress, anxiety, negative life experiences)
Society, rather than restraining negative forces, leads people astray (not the unconscious/fear of death/Oedipal complex) Society does this by providing conditional positive regard People are experts about themselves. As a result, therapy is generally insight-oriented and nondirective |
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What are the 6 basic dimensions of the human condition?
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The capacity for self-awareness, the tension between freedom and responsibility, the creation of an identity and establishing meaningful relationships, the search for meaning, accepting anxiety as a condition of living, and the awareness of death and nonbeing.
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What type of therapy is Gestalt Therapy?
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existential and phenomenological - it is grounded in the client's "here and now"
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What is the relationship between awareness and freedom?
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The greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for freedom.
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Person Centered Therapy was a reaction against
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the directive and psychoanalytic approaches
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What are the 4 key points of Awareness?
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Awareness is realizing that:
-we are finite; time is limited -we have the potential/the choice to act or not to act -meaning is not automatic; we must seek it -we are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, and isolation. |
Awareness is realizing that....
1 2 3 4 |
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What are the 2 core themes of the theory of person-centered therapy if clients are to change?
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-non-judgemental listening
-acceptance |
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Person-Centered Therapy Challenges these:
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the assumption that "the counselor knows best"
the validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation the belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems WITHOUT direct help the focus on problems over persons |
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What are the main aspects of freedom and responsiility?
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People are free to choose among alternatives, and they must accept responsibility for directing their lives. Reality is avoided by excuses which Sartre calls "bad faith."
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Figure
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Aspects of the individual's experience that are most salient at the moment
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What is existential guilt?
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Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chose not to choose. It is the guilt experienced from not living authentically.
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Emphasizes
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therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people
the person's innate striving for self-actualization the personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship the counselor's creation of a permissive, "growth-promoting" climate people are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship |
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What is the idea of "identity" in existential therapy? What is our greatest fear?
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Identity is the courage to be. We must trust ourseves to search within and find our own answers. Our greatest fear is that we will discover that there is no core, no self.
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What were Rogers's interactions with his mother like?
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negative and judgemental
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What is "relatedness" in existential therapy?
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Relatedness: humans crave ties with others and with nature.
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6 conditions necessary and sufficient for personality changes/growth to occur
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psychological contact
the client is experiencing incongruence the therapist is congruent or integrated in the relationship the therapist experiences positive regard or real caring for the client the therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal fram of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client the communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved |
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What must relationships be based on to be healthy?
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At their best, our relationships are based on our desire for fulfillment, not our deprivation. Relationships that spring from our sense of deprivation are clinging, parasitic, and symbiotic.
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Combines both
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Eastern and Western philosophies
Gestalt means "whole," meaning (a) Mind, body, soul are one. (b) We "own" some parts and not others -Are you extroverted/introverted? If extroverted, when are you introverted? -You're both kind and mean. |
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What is the Search for Meaning?
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Meaning: like pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely. Finding meaning in life is a by-product of a commitment to creating, loving, and working.
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Congruence
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genuineness or realness in the therapy session
therapist's behaviors match his or her words |
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What is "the will to meaning"?
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The will to meaning is our primary striving. Life is not meaningful in itself; the individual must create and discover meaning.
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hoe did Rogers apply person centered therapy to world peace later in his professional career?
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he applied it by training policymakers, leaders, and groups in conflict. He was nominated for a Nobel Peace prize.
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What is anxiety?
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Anxiety is a condition of living. Existential anxiety is normal. Life cannot be lived, nor can death be faced, without anxiety.
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Unconditional positive regard
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Acceptance and genuine caring about the client as a valuable person
Accepting clients as they presently are Therapist need not approve of all client behavior |
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What are the 3 important key points of normal anxiety?
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-Anxiety can be a stimulus for growth as we become aware of and accept our freedom
-We can blunt our anxiety by creating the illusion that there is security in life - if we have the courage to face ourselves and life we may be frightened but we will be able to change |
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Ground
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Those aspects of the client's presentation that are often out of his or her awareness
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What's important about the therapy journey taken by therapist and client (in existential therapy)?
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-The person-to-person relationship is key
-the relationship demands that therapists be in contact with their own phenomenological world |
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Accurate empathic understanding
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the ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world
helper attitudes are more important than knowledge (the therapist need not experience the situation to develop an understanding of it from the client's perspective) |
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What is the core of the therapeutic relatioship in existential therapy?
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-respect and faith in the client's potential to cope
-sharing reactions with genuine concern and empathy |
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What does Person-Centered Therapy challenge about assumptions of the counselor?
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PCT challenges the assumption that the "counselor knows best"
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Genuineness according to Egan
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Not hiding behind a role
Spontaneous, yet tactful Not rule or technique bound Not impulsive or inhibited Non-defensive; can "hear" negative feedback Shares facial expressions rather than hiding Consistency in though, feeling, and behavior Consistency in value statements and behavior shares self: both verbally and nonverbally |
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What is the initial goal of Gestalt Therapy? For clients to gain awareness of...
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For clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing NOW.
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Empathy helps clients to
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pay attention to and value their own experience
see earlier experiences in new ways modify their perceptions of themselves, others and the world increase their confidence in makign choices and pursuing a course of action |
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What does PCT challenge the validity of?
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PCT challenges the validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation
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Qualities of the Therapist
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Focuses on the QUALITY of the therapeutic relationship
Provides a supportive therapeutic environment in which the CLIENT is the agent of change and healing Serves as a MODEL of a human being struggling toward greater realness Is GENUINE, integrated, and authentic, without a false front |
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Field Theory
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the organism must be seen in it's environment as part of a constantly changing field. everything is in flux, interrelated, and in process
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Application to Group Therapy
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Therapist takes on the role of facilitator
-- creates therapeutic environment -- techniques are NOT stressed -- exhibits deep trust of the group members -- Provides support for members -- group members set the goals for the group Group setting fosters an open and accepting community where members can work on self-acceptance |
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What does PCT challenge about assumptions of the client?
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PCT challenges the belief that clients cannot understand and respove their own problems without direct help.
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Client-centered therapy used in
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Counselor training (skills based)
Expressive therapies -- Art (painting, drawing, sculpting, etc) -- Music -- Play -- Writing -- Experiential (drama, improvisatoinal) -- Mind-body connections |
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Humanistic Therapies - share 5 characteristics
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1- phenomenological approach that assues that, to understand a person, one must understand his or her subjetive experience - Phenomenal Field
2- focus on current behaviors 3- individuals inherent potential for self-dertermination and self-actualization. 4 - therpay as involving an authentic, ollaborative, and egalitarian relationship between therapist and client 5 - a rejection of traditional assessment techniques and diagnostic lables. |
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Person-centered Expressive Arts Therapy
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Various creative art forms
-- promote healing and self-discovery -- are inherently healing and promote self-awareness and insight Creative expression connects us to our feelings which are a source of life energy (feelings must be experienced to achieve self-awareness) Individuals must explore new facets of the self and uncover insights that transform them, creating wholenes (discovery of wholeness leads to understanding of how we relate to the outer world) The client's inner world and outer world become unified |
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What does PCT focus on, problems or persons?
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persons. PCT challenges the focus on problems over persons.
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Conditions for Creativity
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Acceptance of the individual
A non-judgmental setting Empathy Psychological freedom Stimulating and challenging experiences Individuals who have experienced unsafe creative environments feel "held back" and may disengage from creative processes Safe, creative environments give clients permission to be authentic and to delve deeply into their experiences |
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Figure-formation process
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how the individual organizes experience from moment to moment. field differentiates into the figure (foreground) and ground (background). influenced by the dominant needs of an individual at a given moment
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Principles for Relationships w Children (some)
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I am not all knowing. Therefore, I shall not even attempt to be
I need to be loved. Therefore I will be open to loving children. I want to be more accepting of the child in me. Therefore, I will with wonder and awe, allow children to illuminate my world. I know so little about the complex intricacies of childhood. Therefore, I will allow children to teach me. |
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What does PCT assume given a particular therapeutic climate? (main point of PCT)
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given a particular therapeutic climate, individuals will choose for themselves a growth producing and psychologically healthy direction for their lives.
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Limitations of the Person-Centered Approach
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Cultural considerations:
-- some clients may prefer a more directive, structured treatment -- individuals accustomed to indirect communication may not be comfortable with direct expression of empathy of creativity -- Individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal locus of control Does not focus on the use of specific techniques, making this treatment difficult to standardize Beginning therapists may find it difficult to provide both support and challenges to clients Limits of the therapist as a person may interfere with developing a genuine therapeutic relationship |
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How does Gestalt Therapy help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing NOW?
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- GT promotes direct EXPERIENCING rather than the abstractness of TALKING ABOUT situations.
Ex: Rather than TALK about a chldhood trauma, the client is encouraged to BECOME the hurt child. |
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PCT emphasizes these 5 things:
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-Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people
-the person's innate striving for self-actualization -the personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship -the counselor's creation of a permissive "growth promoting climate" -people are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship |
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Organism Self-Regulation
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intertwined with the figure-formation process. equilibrium is disturbed by the emergence of a need, a sensation or an interest. organisms will do their best to regulate themselves
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What 3 things make up a growth promoting climate in PCT?
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-congruence (genuineness or realness)
-unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring but not approval of all behavior -accurate empathic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the client's subjective world -- helper attitudes are more important than knowledge) |
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Figure/Ground Theory
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Vase/faces and old/young woman
What does the client see as the figure? What do the client and counselor agree to treat as the figure? Figure may go in and out, or just be a single figure - Fixed figure. Everything is seen as an exemplar of figure (for example, everything people do or say is seen as support of the idea that "people hate me.") What is ground? (e.g., ethnicity, friends, what you had for lunch, GPA)? How does ground change the figure If you get stuck as a counselor, ask what is figural for you? For your client? Putting figures out on the table and discussing them is a way of understanding what the other person is thinking |
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What are the 6 conditions that are necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur in PCT?
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1. Two persona are in psychological contact
2. The client is experiencing incongruency 3. The therapist is congruent/integrated in the relationship 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard/real caring for the client 5. The therapist experiences empathy for the client's internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client 6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved |
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The now
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focusing on the present instead of dwelling on past mistakes and ruminating about how life could and should have been different
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What are the 4 things that are important for the therapist in Person-Cenetered Therapy?
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The therapist...
-focuses on the QUALITY of the therapeutic relationship -Serves as a MODEL of a human being struggling toward greater realness -Is GENUINE, integrated, and authentic, without a false front -Can OPENLY EXPRESS feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client. |
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in GT, the "power is in the..."
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present
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What does the person-centered approach aim toward a greater degree of?
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Independence and integration of the individual
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Phenomenological Inquiry
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paying attention to what is occurring now. asking what and how instead of why questions. try to bring attention to what is happening in the moment
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What does PCT assist clients in?
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the growth process
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goal of existential?
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expand self-awareness, increase choiice potential, help client eperience authentic existence, and accept responsibilty
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The underlying goal of the PCT approach is to provide...
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...a climate conducive to helping the individual becom a fully functioning person.
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Unfinished business
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when figures emerge from the background but aren't completed and resolved, can manifest in resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt and abandonment
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What does PCT help remove?
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masks or the facades that clients are wearing
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in GT, nothing exists except the...
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now
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Rogers states that once the masks are removed, clients can become increasingly more actualized by (4 things):
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-an openness to experience
-a trust in themselves -an internal source of evaluation -a willingness to keep on growing |
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Introjection
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The tendency to uncritically accept others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them
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Cycle of awareness
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Only major goal of Gestalt therapy is to help the client become more aware
Beginning: Sensation (of dryness in mouth) Awareness (aware that you're thirsty) and place where we can be choiceful Mobilization (go get water) Middle of cycle: Contact (water hits mouth) connect with someone. else. End of cycle: Withdrawal need is satisfied Integration (goal is met and moves into the background) Brief period of nothingness. A second of stopping, just being. If we don't make the whole circle, we get stuck. (1) Eating disorders: get stuck in sensation, but don't become aware of real needs that they satisfy. (2) Want to make meaningful contact with a friend, a wide variety of ways we can do this. When we do, can integrate. We work towards good contact with Os. But do you really want contact 24/7 and with everyone? b. The path through the cycle should be choiceful and aware, and based on current situation, rather than early experience. c. Contact style, rather than defense mechanisms (deflection, confluency, differentiation) d. why is contact avoided? All of us want more intimacy than we can stand. Karl Whitaker GT used to push for greater intimacy. Now GTs respect both intimate contact and pulling back. Awareness and choiceful decisions about when to make contact are now seen as more important than a compulsive search for intimacy. If we made constant contact, we'd be overwhelmed |
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Projection
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we disown certain aspects of ourselves by assigning them to the environment
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In GT, the past is gone and the future...
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has not yet arrived
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Retroflection
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turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do for us
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Person-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers
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All people have an innate "self-actualizating tendency" that serves as their major source of motivation and that guides them toward positive, healthy growth.
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Deflection
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the process of distraction or veering off so that it is difficult to maintain a sense of contact. beating around the bush
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For many people, the power of the present is...
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lost.
They may focus on past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future. |
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Confluence
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blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment
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Deflection
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contact style
instead of connecting, use humor, get distracted or make the client angry |
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Therapeutic goals
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Move toward increased awareness
Gradually assume ownership of their experience develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without violating the needs of others |
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GT believes that feelings about the past are...
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unexpressed
-associated with distinct memories and fantasies -feelings not fully expressed linger in the background and interfere with effective contact |
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Therapeutic goals continued
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Become more aware of all of their senses. Learn to accept responsibility for what they do, including consequences. Be able to ask for and get help from others and give help
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emphasied Love as being the highest goal to which humans can aspire
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Victor Frankl (1905-1997)
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Therapist's function and role
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active partnership, body language, create an environment to try out new behavior, congruency b/t words and body language
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What is the result of feelings of the past being left unexpressed?
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Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness, oppressive energy, and self-defeating behavior.
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Aspects of language therapists may focus on
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It instead of I, You instead of I, Questions, Passive language, Metaphors, Story,
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Confluency
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Match their style, connecting around similarities
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Client's experience in therapy
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dialogue, similarities between how the client relates to environment and to therapist, active, discovery, accommodation of new choices, assimilation
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What is CONTACT?
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Contact is interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's individuality.
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Relationship between therapist and client
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existential, person to person, allow clients to be who they are, therapist share personal experience and stories,
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Personality Theory - Person centered therapy
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self or the "organized, consistent conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of the characteristics of the I or M and the perceptions of the relationsip of the I or ME to others and to various aspects of life. To grow toward self-actualization, the self must remain unified, organized, and whole.
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Exercises
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ready made techniques that are used to make something happen in therapy or to achieve a goal
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What is RESISTANCE TO CONTACT?
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Resistance to contact is the defense we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully.
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Experiments
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grow out of the interaction between the client and therapist, experiential
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Differentiation
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Be different from the client: to calm them down, to take care of self, or to stimulate thought or action
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Internal Dialogue Exercise
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top dog and underdog, the empty-chair technique- using two chairs the client plays out both parts of the top and underdog to encourage integration between the polarities and conflicts
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What are the five major channels of resistance?
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-Introjection (tendency to uncritically accept others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them to make them congruent with who we are)
-Projection (reverse of introjection; we disown certain aspects of ourselves and assign them to the environment) -Retroflection (doing to ourselves what we would like to do to others. ex. Aggression) -Deflection (process of distraction so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact) -Confluence (a blurring of the differentiation between the self and the environment) |
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Making the rounds
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speak or do something to each person in a group setting. to confront to risk to disclose, experiment with new behavior etc
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Existential therapy does not:
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place emphasis on relationship with client, stress personal freedom, not a well deinfed set of procedures, not place primary emphasis on awareness
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reversal exercise
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do the opposite. for example: timid person plays the role of the exhibitionist
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What are the experiments in Gestalt Therapy used for?
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They are used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal.
*also used to allow client to experience emotions in the here and now??? |
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The rehearsal exercise
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sharing rehearsals to become more aware of how much energy and time is spent in preparation for social interaction
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Fritz Perls (of Wisdom)
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Use of Self: I am always aware that I am an influence to the client. May share these reactions to client, if in the service of client.
Here and now be aware in the moment Why do you? What makes it hard? "Do it rather than talking about it." Reasons why are sometimes important, but find ways wondering whether you trust me or not. Paradox of Change Theory Goal is to become more aware in the moment, just now. Give permission to be undecided, and then decide. Slowing down must slow down and breathe to be aware Experiments role playing, pretending |
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Exaggeration exercise
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exaggerating nonverbal behavior to get clues about meaning
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Why is it important for therapists to personally experience the power of Gestalt experiments before they try them on their clients?
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So that they can feel comfortable suggesting them, so that they can understand what the client is experiencing, and so that they can accurately judge when an experiment is appropriate for a particular client.
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Staying with the feeling
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staying present with uncomfortable sensations and emotions
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View of Maladpative Behavior - Client-Centered
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Self becomes disorganized as a result of incongruence between self and experience - occurs when person experiences conditions of worth. - ex. child finds out positve regard from parents is conditional
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Gestalt approach to dream work
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Bring the dream back to life and have the client speak for or become each part of the dream
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Why/how must clients be prepared for Gestalt Experiments?
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A relationship must be established so that clients will feel trusting enough to participate. Therapists should ask clients if they are willing to try an experiment and also tell clients that the can stop when they choose to--the power is with the client.
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Gestalt Therapy is Existential and Phenomenological
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It is grounded in the client's "here and now"
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What are the various types of Gestalt Experiments? (list, describe, and provide examples)
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-internal dialogue exercise
-making the rounds (group) -rehearsal exercise -reversal technique -exaggeration -staying with the feeling |
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According to Victor Frankl, what is the highest goal to which humans can aspire to?
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Love
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Initial goals of Gestalt Therapy
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for clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing now
Promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations Rather than talk about a childhood trauma the client is encouraged to become the hurt child |
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Unpleasent Visceral sensations
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is exprienced when inconcruence is expereinced between self and experience.
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Principles of Gestalt Theory
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Holism
full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, language and dreams Field theory the field is the client's environment which consists of therapist and client and all that goes on between them Client is a participant in a constantly changing field Figure Formation Process How and individual organizes experiences from moment to moment foreground = figure, background = ground Organismic Self-Regulation Emergence of need sensations and interest disturb an individual’s equilibrium |
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function of therapist
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to understand client's subjective world
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Why some can't focus on the NOW
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they may focus on their past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future
OUR POWER IS IN THE PRESENT |
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Attempts to alleviate anxeity - example of umpleaseant visceral senstation - Client Centered
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defensive maneuvers of perceptual distoration or denial. counter to self-actualization
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Unfinished business
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feelings about the past are unexpressed
(associated with distinct memories and fantasies) feelings not fully experienced linger in the background and interfere with effective contact result: preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness, oppressive energy and self-defeating behavior |
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What did Frankl say was the purpose of therapy?
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to challege people to find meaning and purpose through suffering, work and love
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Contact
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Interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s individuality
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Therapy Goals - Client Centered
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help the client achieve congruence between self and experience so that he or she can become a more fully-functioning, self-actualizing person
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Boundary Disturbances/Resistances to Contact
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The defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully
Five major channels of resistance: Introjection • Deflection Projection • Confluence Retroflection |
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what does is emphasize
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philisophical terms of what it is to be human
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Six Components of Gestalt Therapy Methodology
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The continuum of experience
The here and now The paradoxical theory of change The experiment The authentic encounter |
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Therapy Tech. - Client-Centered
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If the right environment is provided by the therapist, the client will achive conguence between self and experience and will be carried by his or her own inherent tendency toward self-actualizaiotn.
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Therapeutic Techniques
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The experiment in Gestalt Therapy
Internal dialogue exercise Rehearsal exercise Reversal technique Exaggeration exercise Staying with the feeling Making the rounds Dream work |
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What is Martin Heidegger known for?
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Emphasized individuality (Jemeinigkeit), & distinguished herd mentality (Dasman) from high awareness & uniqueness (Dasein).
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Application to Group Work
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Encourages direct experience and action
Here-and-now focus allows members to bring unfinished business to the present Members try out experiments within the group setting Leaders can use linking to include members in the exploration of a particular individual’s problem Leaders actively design experiments for the group while focusing on awareness and contact Group leaders actively engage with the members to form a sense of mutuality in the group |
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Three Facilitative Conditions - Client
Centered |
1 - Unconditional Postive Regard (respect) - care about client, affirm the client's worth as a persona , and accept the client whtout evalution - accept person - NO positive or negative Judgement
2- Genuinenesss (congruence) - must be genuine and authentic in therapy - must honest communicate to client when appropiate 3- Accurate Empathic Understanding - therapist ability to see the world as the client does and to convey that undersanding to the client. |
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Limits of Gestalt Therapy
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potential for the therapist to abuse power by using powerful techniques without proper training
may not be useful for clients who have difficulty abstracting and imagining The emphasis on therapist authenticity and self-disclosure may be overpowering for some clients The high focus on emotion may pose limitations for clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved |
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philisophical assumptions of exist. approach:
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humans must create their own meaning through choice and ppl are thrust into a meaningless world and are alone
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Gestalt Therapy
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founded by Fritz Perls - based on premise that each person is capable of assuming personal responsibilty for his own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated "whole."
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He emphasided that choices determine the kind of person you become
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Rollo May (1909-1994)
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Concepts of Gestalt Therapy
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1- people tend to seek closure
2- a persons "gestalts" (perception of parts as wholes) reflect his current needs 3 - persons behavior represnets a whole that is greated than the sum of its parts 4 behavior can be fully understood only in its context 5 a person experiences the world in accord with the primciple of figure/ground |
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what is Frankl's approach?
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logotherapy
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Personality Theory - Gestalt Therapy
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personality consist of the self and the self-image.
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Therapy through Meaning
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Logotherapy
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Self vs Self-Image _ Gestalt
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self - is the creative aspect of the personalityt that promotes the individual's inherent tendency for self-actualization.
SElf-Image - the darker side of the personality, hinders growth and self-actualizaiton by imposing external standards. |
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Rollo may did not believe we could escape reality by exercising freedom
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true
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View of Maladaptive Behavior - Gestalt
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Neurotic behavior is considered a "growth disorder" that involves an abandonment of the self for the self-image and a resulting lack of intergration.
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Area of phiolosophy concerned with the meaning of human existance; asks questions about issues of love death and meaning of life; how one deals with the snese of value and meaning of one's life
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Existentialism
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4 Boundary Distrubances - Gestalt
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1 - Introjection - Person swallows whole concepts ex. person accepts concepts, facts,and standards from the environment without actualy understanding or fully assimililating them. overly compliant in therapy
2 - projection - disowning aspects of eh self by assinging them to others. can result in paranoia 3- Retroflection - doing to oneself what one wants to do to others - turn towards others inward 4 - Confluence - absence of boundary between the self and the environment. causes intolerance of any differences between oneself and others and often undderlies feelings of guilt and resentment. |
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we create our own destination and life situations
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true
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Therapy Goals - Gestalt
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help client achieve integration of teh various aspects of the self in order to become a unified whole.
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Founder of person centered-therapy
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Carl Rogers
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Therapy Tech. - Gestalt
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avoid diagnotic labels and view historical events important only when they directly impinge upon the client's current functioning
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Nietzsche talked about
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herd morality and will power
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Transference - Gestalt
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counterproductive and respond to it by helping the client recognize the difference between his "transference fantasy"and reality.
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4 Things that Existntialists Believe
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1. The world changes as people's ideas about it change
2. ideas of the world = human construction 3. "beings in the world" = self cannot exist w/o a world and the world cannot exist w/o a person to perceive it 4. Must study human beings in their worlds |
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Awareness - Gestalt
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primary curative factor in therapy - full understanding of one's thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here-and now.
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4 facts about existential
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therapist is core of therapy, no set techniques, stresses I/Thou encounter, and uses many diff techniques
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Logotherapy - Existential Therapies - Gestalt
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share emphasis on the hman conditions of depresonalization, loneliness, and isolation and the assumptoin that people are not static but instant are in a constant state of "becoming"
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What is the purpose of therapy according to Victor Frankl?
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to challenge people to find meaning and purpose through suffering, work, and love
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View of Maladaptive Behavior - Gestalt
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maladaptive behavior is a natural part of the human condition. Anxiety for example is considered a normal response to the constant threat of nonbeing (death)
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person centered therapy is best described as
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a set on tentative principles describing how the therapy process develops
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Therapy Goals and Tech. Gestalt
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help clients overcome their troublesome feelings (feelings of meaninglessness) so thaey can live in more committed, self-aware, authentic, and meaningful ways. Client-therapist relationship most important tool.
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people's perceptions or subjective realities; considered to be valid data for investigation
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Phenomenological
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Reality Therapy
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Galsser is founder. influcenced by control theory which proposes that "human behavior is purposful and originates from within the indiviudal rather from extermal forces. People can take control of their lives.
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Dialouge echnique used when:
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rxperiencing internal conflict
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Personality Theory - Reality Therapy
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people have several basic innate needs and four psychological needs (belonging, power, freedom, and fun), and one physical (survival).
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What is Jon Paul Sartre known for?
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Was similar to Heidegger, but emphasized the fundamental project- or the basic choice of oneself that gives distinctive shape to an individual life.
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Success Identity - REality therapy
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when person gets needs met without infringing on others rights
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limitations of gestalt
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not solid theory and does not focus on cognitions
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Maladpative Behavior- Failure Identity -REality therapy
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when a person gratiies his needs in irresponsible ways, the person has assumed a failure identity
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two people perceiving same situation differently
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phenomenological discrepancy
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Therapy Goals and Tech. - REality Therapy
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help clients identify responsiblity and effective ways to satisfy their needs and thereby to develop a success identity.
Rejects medical model Focus on current behaviors and beliefs TRansfence as dentrimental Stresess conscious processes Emphasizes value judgements especially the client's ability to judge what is right and wrong TEaches clients specific behaviors that will enable them to fulfill their needs |
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therapist congruence means the therapist is
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genuine
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Area of philosophy concerned with the meaning of human existence
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Existentialism
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is transference important in person-centered
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no
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the existntialist belief that people are not controlled by fixed physical laws
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Nondeterministic
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person-centered focues on
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immediate
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goal of existential?
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expand self-awareness, increase choiice potential, help client eperience authentic existence, and accept responsibilty
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person-centered therapist is A
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facilitator
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People having contradictory trains which produce tension
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Dialectical Tension
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person centered __ more important than ___
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attitudes/technique
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Existentialists Believe...
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1. The world changes as people's ideas about it change
2. Ideas of world = human construction 3. Self cannot exist w/o a world and world cannot exist w/o a person to percieve it 4. Must study human beings in their phenomenological worlds |
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Rogers says that caring confrontations can be
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beneficial
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process by which two contradictory forces or tendencies lead to a resolution or synthesis
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Dialectic
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theme in rogers writings
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faith in capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established
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What is Ludwig Binswanger known for?
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Daseinsanalyse- or an analysis of each human's capability for giving meaning to existence.
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a person centered therapist must be ___ with client
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real
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Our relationships come from...
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our relationships with others (existentialism)
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60's and 70's rogers developed
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personal growth groups
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People's perceptions or subjective realities; considered to be valid data for investigation
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Phenomenological
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perls
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founder of gestalt
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human convirms the other person as being of unique value-direct mutual relationships
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I-Thou
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what is of and by itself therapeutic in gestalt therapy?
|
awareness
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Key concepts of person centered
|
focus on experiencing immediate moment
client can resolve his or her own problems personal relationship between client and therapist is key client is responsible for direction of therapy emphasis on subjective world of client learning in therapy is derived from ongoing research |
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besic goal of gestalt
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to help client move from environmental support to self-support
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person uses others but does not value them for themselvse - utilitarian
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I-It
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therapist pays attn to
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clients nonverbal language
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Two people perceiving the same situation differently
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Phenomenological Discrepancy
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Review gestalt resistances
|
retroflection, projection, introjection, confluence, deflection
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6 Basic Dimensions of the Human Condition (Existenital Therapy)
|
1. capacity for self awareness
2. tension between freedom and responsibility 3. creation of an identity and establishing meaningful relationships 4. search for meaning 5. accepting anxiety as a condition of living 6. awareness of death and nonbeing |
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gestalt does not focus on:
|
semantics
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What is Viktor Frankl known for?
|
Logotherapy- or three kinds of meaning in an indifferent world.
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Awareness is realizing that: (4 things)
|
1. we are finite
2. we have the potential and choice to act or not act 3. meaning is not automatic (we must seek it) 4. we are subject to lonliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, and isolation |
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view that people are not controlled by fixed physical laws
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nondeterministic
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human confirms the other person as being of unique value - direct mutual relationships
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I-Thou
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What are the three different meanings in logotherapy?
|
1) Experiential values: based on received experience.
2) Creative values: realized through indirect action in the world. 3) Attitudinal values: when the first two are blocked, this can be realized through understanding alone. |
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person uses others but does not value them for themselves - utilitartian
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I-It
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Humanistic view focuses more on a
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positive view and human potential
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6 Basic Dimensions of the Human Condition according to Existential Therapy
|
1. Capacity for Self-Awareness
2. Tensions between Freedom and Personality 3. Creation of Identity and establishing meaningful relationships 4. The search for meaning 5. Accepting anxiety as a condition of living 6. Awareness of death and nonbeing |
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What is Rollo May known for?
|
Existential experiences of anxiety, love, & power in the psychotherapeutic context.
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Realizing that we are finite/time is limited, we have the potential/choice to act or not act, meaning is not automatic - we must seek it, we are subject to loneliness
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Capacity for Self-Awareness
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Existential therapy does not:
|
place emphasis on relationship with client, stress personal freedom, not a well deinfed set of procedures, not place primary emphasis on awareness
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People are free to choose among alternatives and have a large role in shaping personal desires; people must accept responsibilitye for directing own lives
|
Freedom and Responsibility
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What is Irving Yalom known for?
|
Importance of accepting responsibility, isolation, & death.
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|
the courage to BE
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Identity
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Existential focuses more on
|
realities of existence
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What is our primary striving according to existential therapy?
|
the will to meaming
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What is Eugene Gendlin known for?
|
"Felt meaning" through emotionally-based intuition.
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arises from strivings to survive and maintain our own being
|
Anxiety
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gives significance to living
|
awareness of death/nonbeing
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What to Khoshaba & Maddi think?
|
Hardiness as existential courage. Remember the three c's: commitment, control, & challenge.
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Aim of Existential Therapy
|
1. Rejects determinism
2. People are free and responsible for choices and actions 3. People are authors of lives |
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Founders of existential therapy
|
Rollo May, Viktor Frankl, Irvin Yalom, James Bugental
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|
Existential Therapy encourages clients to do these three things:
|
1. reflect on life
2. recognize range of alternatives 3. decide among alternatives |
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|
What are the concrete aims?
|
Psycotherapy involves confrontations, psychotherapy as an act of love, psychotherapy as responsibility, psychotherapy as a basis for recognizing the inherently stressful nature of living, psychotherapy as support in greater toleration of ontological anxiety & choosing the future more, & psychotherapy as a way of building existential courage in the client.
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Goal of Existential Therapy
|
recognize ways they passively accepted circumstances and surrendered control-so to start consciously shaping own lives by exploring options for creating a meaningful existence
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function of therapist
|
to understand client's subjective world
|
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|
Explain: psychotherapy involves confrontations
|
Contrasts with Rogers, and its emphasis on the future contrasts with Freud.
|
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|
Person centered techniques
|
- active listening and reflection
- create relationship built upon reflection - interacting in immediacy of situation - emancipation from oughts and shoulds - fosters non-conformist way of being - eliminate the unhealthy need to please others |
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Explain: psychotherapy as an act of love & respect
|
The client is regarded as someone who can understand about, and do what is necessary for the best life.
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Explain: psychotherapy as responsibility
|
Recognition that one has created one's present life, primarily through choosing the past, rather than the future.
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Roles of person centered therapist
|
- relationship is central to progress
- rooted in being, not doing - provides climate of safety and trust - relationship is equal - genuine, authentic, warm, non-judgmental - does not teach, give advice, interpret - neither defensive nor evasive |
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Explain: psychotherapy as a basis for recognizing the inherently stressful nature of living
|
Led the client to choose the past rather than the future, in order to avoid anxiety.
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|
what does is emphasize
|
philisophical terms of what it is to be human
|
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|
|
Explain: psychotherapy as support in greater toleration of ontological anxiety, & choosing the future more
|
Through how one copes, interacts, & takes care of self.
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Three Conditions of person centered
|
Congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding
|
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|
Explain: psychotherapy as a way of building existential courage in the client
|
When therapy is over, he can continue choosing the future, in the process of growing & developing.
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|
What is Binswanger's technique?
|
Emphasis on "why" in order to help clients recognize their responsibility for their livs.
|
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|
Congruence
|
genuiness of therapist, feelings, thoughts, and beliefs not hidden behind facades
|
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|
What are Frankl's two techniques?
|
1) Emphasis on "dereflection" to help clients et over emotional preoccupations.
2) Emphasis on "paradoxical intention" to help gain control over their symptoms, through learning their defensive status. |
|
|
|
philisophical assumptions of exist. approach:
|
humans must create their own meaning through choice and ppl are thrust into a meaningless world and are alone
|
|
|
|
What is Gendlin's technique?
|
"Focusing" to help clients use their emotionally based intuitions in making decisions.
|
|
|
|
Unconditional positive regard
|
deep recognition of client's internal frame of reference
|
|
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|
What are Khoshaba & Maddi's techniques?
|
"Harditraining" to help clients rely on problem-solving coping, socially-supportive interactions, and beneficial self-care, & building existential courage in the process. In this, the techniques emphasize "situational reconstruction," "focusing," & "compensatory self-improvement."
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|
Crumbaugh's Purpose in Life Test includes...
|
a) Item emphasis: "in life i have...no goals/clear goals" "i am a very..irresponsible/responsible" & "every day is new/the same."
b) Validation study: N of 1151 compared 4 normal & 6 patient groups. c) Results: Normal groups showed more meaning of & purpose in life. d) Test reliability: Stability r of .995 on 50 subjects in group 1. e) Validity correlations: Re MMPI, only significant r was negative with depression. f) Validity correlations: Re Srole Anomie scale- a moderate negative relationship. g) Validity correlations: Re Minister's evaluations of subjects, a moderate positive relationship. |
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|
Empathic understanding
|
acceptance and caring, allows client to be less anxious about perceived weaknesses and prospect of taking risks
|
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|
Thorne's Existential Study Test studied these groups
|
Gp 1 incarcerated felons Gp 3 hospitalized alcoholics Gp 5 students studying ann rand Gp 6 umarried mothers Gp 7 undergrad psych students Gp 8 hospitalized schizophrenic patients
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|
|
what is Frankl's approach?
|
logotherapy
|
|
|
|
Thorne's Existential Study Test's Method...
|
Test was part of a routine battery administered in groups. Statistical procedure was a factor analyses to identify orthogonal factors.
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|
Limitations of person centered
|
-tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge
- people in crisis need more direct interventions - limited use with non-verbal clients - tends to discount significance of the past - success is dependent on therapists mainting high trust in feelings and actions of client and themselves |
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|
Thorne's Existential Study Test's Results...
|
5 orthogonal factors emerged:
1) demoralization state/ existential neurosis 2) religious dependency defenses 3) existential confidence/ morale 4) self-actualization esteem 5) concern over the human condition |
|
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|
Langle's Existence Scale Method...
|
46 items measuring
-self distance (realistic perception) -self transcendence (free emotionality) -freedom (decision making ability) -responsibility (your life is yours to make) |
|
|
|
Key concepts of existential therapy
|
- self-awareness
- mst accept responsibility that accompanies freedom - preserve uniqueness and identity - we know ourselves in relation to knowing and interacting - we recreate ourselves through projects - anxiety is a part of the human condition - death is a basic human condition, awareness of death gives significance to life |
|
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|
Langle's Existence Scale Research...
|
Compared to Purpose in life test, logo test (lukas) schedule of recent experience, neuroticism & extraversion (eysenck), and depression (zerssen)
|
|
|
|
Rollo may did not believe we could escape reality by exercising freedom
|
true
|
|
|
|
Langle's Existence Scale Results...
|
On 1028 Austrian adults, and a depressive patient group. ES scales show:
-adequate internal consistency reliability. -no gender differences -depressive patients lower on scale scores. -negative rs with neuroticism & depression -positive rs with purpose in life scores -existential fulfillment is not extraversion |
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|
Function of existential therapist
|
- tries to help client see she is free and to see the posibilities of future
- challenges client to recognize that he is responsible for events of life - grounded in immediate subjective experience of encountering client - uses empathy, concern, reflection, environmental modification, support - not threatened by ideas and beliefs of others |
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|
Maddi & Khoshaba's Hardiness measurement method...
|
The Personal Views Survey III-R has 18 questionnaire items measuring the existential courage shown in the subscales of commitment, control, & challenge. Regarding stresses, commitment involves staying involved, control involves persisting in having an effect, & challenge involves seeing an opportunity to learn from the experiences.
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|
Maddi & Khoshaba's Hardiness measure Research
|
-hundreds of studies have been done around the world.
-the hardiness measure has adequate reliability, & the 3 c's are related to each other and to the total score. |
|
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|
Techniques of existentialism
|
- acceptance of client uniqueness
- confrontation - awareness exercises - imagery - diagnosis, testing, and external measurements are not deemed important - incorporates techniques from other therapies |
|
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|
Maddi & Khoshaba's Hardiness measure original research
|
The Illinois Bell study: A natural experiment involving 450 managers in a company disrupted by federal deregulation of its work. Data was collected for 6 years before, and 6 years after the deregulation. Results showed that managers who were resilient had clear signs of hardiness and resulting coping.
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|
|
|
we create our own destination and life situations
|
true
|
|
|
|
Maddi & Khoshaba's Hardiness measure's subsequent research...
|
Hardiness is positively related to health measures under stress of military missions, culture shock of immigration, and work missions abroad, and ongoing work and school pressures. Also to enhanced performance under stress in basketball players, military officers, and firefighters in training, leadership among west point cadets, retention rate among college students, and speed of recovery of baseline functioning in culture shock. Also to problem solving coping, sociall supportive interactions, and beneficial self care. Negatively related to depression, anxiety, & anger.
|
|
|
|
Limitations of existential therapy
|
- vague, abstract concepts difficult to grasp
- not subjected to scientific research - limited applicability to lower-functioning clients, clients in extreme crisis who need direction, non-verbal clients - relies on verbal exchange and authenticity |
|
|
|
Khoshaba & Maddi's Harditraining
|
Hardiness training involves techniques for dealing with stresses by problem solving coping, socially supportive interactions, and beneficial self care, and using the feedback to deepen hardiness attitudes.(3c's)
|
|
|
|
Khoshaba & Maddi's Harditraining research results
|
Harditraining decreases strain symptoms, and improves performance and health in working adults and college students
|
|
|
|
Expanding awareness
|
realizing
- we are finite - we have the choice to act or not to act - we must seek meaning - we are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, and isolation |
|
|
|
Khoshaba & Maddi's Harditraining training techniques
|
Trainees engage in problem solving coping, socially supportive interactions, and bneficial self care (in regard to stresses) and use the feedback to deepen hardiness attitudes.
|
|
|
|
Nietzsche talked about
|
herd morality and will power
|
|
|
|
Khoshaba & Maddi's Harditraining research findings
|
Harditraining enhances performance and health in working adults and college students.
|
|
|
|
Encouraging psychotherapeutic conditions; therapeutic triad
|
accurate empathic understanding, congruence, unconditional positive regard
|
|
|
|
Bad faith
|
leading an inauthentic existence
|
|
|
|
4 facts about existential
|
therapist is core of therapy, no set techniques, stresses I/Thou encounter, and uses many diff techniques
|
|
|
|
Authenticity
|
being true to own evaluation of what constitiues meaningful existence
|
|
|
|
Existential guilt
|
the result of, or the consciousness of, evading the commitment to choosing for ourselves, we let others define us or make choices for us
|
|
|
|
person centered therapy is best described as
|
a set on tentative principles describing how the therapy process develops
|
|
|
|
Existential vacuum
|
condition of emptiness and hollowness that results from meaningless in life
|
|
|
|
Existential neurosis
|
feelings of despair and anxiety that result from inauthentic living, a failure to make choices, and an avoidance of responsibility
|
|
|
|
Dialouge echnique used when:
|
rxperiencing internal conflict
|
|
|
|
Existential anxiety
|
a condition of living, can be a stimulus for growth as we become aware of our freedom, courage to face ourselves
|
|
|
|
Freedom and responsibility
|
go hand in hand, freed requires us to accept our own responsibility
|
|
|
|
limitations of gestalt
|
not solid theory and does not focus on cognitions
|
|
|
|
therapist congruence means the therapist is
|
genuine
|
|
|
|
is transference important in person-centered
|
no
|
|
|
|
person-centered focues on
|
immediate
|
|
|
|
person-centered therapist is A
|
facilitator
|
|
|
|
person centered __ more important than ___
|
attitudes/technique
|
|
|
|
Rogers says that caring confrontations can be
|
beneficial
|
|
|
|
theme in rogers writings
|
faith in capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established
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a person centered therapist must be ___ with client
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real
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60's and 70's rogers developed
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personal growth groups
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perls
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founder of gestalt
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what is of and by itself therapeutic in gestalt therapy?
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awareness
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besic goal of gestalt
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to help client move from environmental support to self-support
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therapist pays attn to
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clients nonverbal language
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Review gestalt resistances
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retroflection, projection, introjection, confluence, deflection
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gestalt does not focus on:
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semantics
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