Exercises And Problems Ch10

Front 1

Briefly summarize the atmosphericproperties of the five terrestrial worlds. How do they differ in surfacetemperature, pressure, and composition?

Back 1

Mercury: No atmosphere

Venus: Very Hot, Thick atmosphere, Extreme greenhouse effect

Earth: Perfect atmosphere

Moon: No atmosphere

Mars: Carbon dioxide atmosphere with thin air

Front 2

Brieflydescribe the basic atmospheric characteristics of each of the five terrestrialworlds.

Back 2

Mercuryand the Moon's have a thin exosphere made up of particles of gas that arereleased from it's surface ejection's from solar winds, micrometeorites, andsolar photos that are high in energy. The density in their gases are to low toscatter or absorb sunlight, making them constantly dark. There are no troposphere,thermosphere, or stratosphere due to the lack of absorption's.

Venus'satmosphere is thick with carbon dioxide that contributes to its largegreenhouse effect. This makes it extremely hot in temperature and has a slowrotation with a weak coriolis effect and low winds. Due to its hot temperaturerain can not exist. Temperature remain the same day and night and there is noaxis tilt so no seasonal change is possible.

Earth'satmosphere is mostly made up of oxygen and nitrogen for the existence of life.There is a stable amount of heat and pressure that makes water to cycle throughthe phases of liquid water, ice, and water gas vapor. A barrier exist toprotect use from the effect so from solar radiation

Mars atmosphere contains a level's ofCarbon dioxide in it's polar caps and contains a thin atmosphere. There is alsoa lack of ultraviolet absorption fro its stratosphere.

Front 3

Usingan analogy involving a balloon, explain the origin of gas pressure. What do wemean by atmospheric pressure? Why does pressure decrease with altitude? What is1 bar of pressure?

Back 3

a. The air molecules inside theballoon exert pressure, pushing outward as they constantly collide with theballoon's inside surface. At the same time, air molecules outside the ballooncollide with the balloon form the other side, exerting pressure that by itselfwould make the balloon collapse. A balloon stays inflate when the inward andoutward pressure stay the same.

b. The surface pressure resulting from the overlyingweight of an atmosphere. Gas in an atmosphere is held down by gravity.

c. The higher you go in an atmosphere, the less weight ofgas above you, and less weight means less pressure.

d. A bar is the unit in which atmospheric pressure ismeasured. 1 bar of pressure is equivalent to Earth's atmospheric pressure atsea level (1.03 kg/cm2. 14.7 lbs)

Front 4

Isthere any atmosphere at the orbital altitude of the Space Station above Earth?Explain.

Back 4

Yes, it's just extremely thin. Earthsatmosphere extends for nearly 100 km.

Front 5

Whatis the greenhouse effect? Describe how it warms a planet.

Back 5

Certain air molecules absorb infraredbetter. These include water vapor (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and methane(CH4). Thus, when they absorb infrared, they heat up, and heat up atmosphere.

Front 6

Ifthere were no greenhouse effect, what factors would determine a planet'ssurface temperature? How do the "no greenhouse" temperatures of theterrestrial planets compare to their actual temperatures, and why?

Back 6

Planets distance from the sun, and theplanets overall reflectivity. No greenhouse means much less cooler.

Front 7

Describeearth's basic atmosphere structure, from the ground up. How do interactions ofsunlight and gases explain the existence of each of the atmospheric layers?

Back 7

a. exosphere: low density; fades intospace

thermosphere: temp begins to rise at the top

stratosphere: rise and fall of temp

troposphere: layer closest to surface, temp drops withaltitude

b.Troposphere: absorbs IR photons from the surface temperature drops with altitude, hot air rises and highgas, density causes storms (convection)Stratosphere: lies above the greenhouse gases (no IRabsorption), absorbs heat via Solar UV photons which dissociate ozone (O3), UVpenetrates only top layer; hotter air is above colder air, no convection or weather;the atmosphere is stratifiedThermosphere: absorbs heat via Solar X-rays which ionizesall gases, contains ionosphere, which reflects back human radio signals Exosphere: hottest layer; gas extremely rarified; providesnoticeable drag on satellites

Front 8

Whyis the sky blue? Why are sunrises and sunsets red?

Back 8

A phenomenon called Rayleighscattering causes light from the Sun to bounce off tiny particles in theatmosphere and scatter in different directions. Sunlight consists of manydifferent colours: from red, which has the longest wavelength of all visiblelight, through to violet at the blue end of the spectrum, which has theshortest wavelength. Due to this short wavelength, blue light is scattered moreeffectively than other colours, and this is why the sky normally appears blueto us.At sunrise or sunset, however, when the Sun is low on thehorizon, the light rays must pass through more of the atmosphere - andtherefore bounce off more molecules - than at other times of day. This meansthat more blue light gets scattered away before the light reaches your eyes.Other colours - such as red, orange and yellow - can therefore continue to passthrough the atmosphere unaffected, creating beautiful colours at the start andend of the day.

Front 9

Whydoes convection occur in the troposphere, leading to active weather, but not inthe stratosphere?

Back 9

Convection causes heating introposphere because it drops in temperature with altitude, but has a relativelyhigh density of air. The stratosphere has no weather because convection cannothappen because the air gets hotter in this layer as you go up in altitude. Aircannot rise if the air above it is hotter, so the air is stagnant.

Front 10

Whatis ozone? How does the absence of ozone on Venus and Mars explain why theseplanets lack a stratosphere?

Back 10

Ozone (O3) are molecules that areparticularly good at absorbing ultraviolet photons. Because earth is the onlyterrestrial planet with oxygen, other planets cannot have an ozone, and thuscannot have a stratosphere.

Front 11

Whatis a magnetosphere? Describe its role in protecting any atmosphere from thesolar wind and creating auroras?

Back 11

The area of space near an astronomicalobject in which charged particles are controlled by that object's magneticfield.

the particles spiral along magnetic field lines and emitlight

this causes the aurora (aka northern & southernlights)

this protective "bubble" is called themagnetosphere

Front 12

Whatis the difference between weather and climate?

Back 12

Weather is the mix of events thathappen each day in our atmosphere including temperature, rainfall and humidity.Weather is not the same everywhere.Climate in your place on the globe controls the weatherwhere you live. Climate is the average weather pattern in a place over manyyears.

Front 13

DescribeEarth's global wind patterns and the role of circulation cells. How doesrotation affect these cells?

Back 13

Warm air flows towards poles, cool airflows toward equator. Rotation causes air to turn in opposite direction withthe Coriolis effect.

Front 14

Whatdo we mean by a runaway greenhouse effect? Explain why this process occurred onVenus but not on Earth.

Back 14

Venus is closer to the sun. Hottertemp = more evaporation = hotter atmosphere = hotter temp = more evaporation,etc... UV rays would tear away hydrogen atoms, leaving Venus as we know it.

Front 15

Describe each process by which atmospheresgain or lose gas. What factors control thermal escape? Which loss processes arepermanent? Which are temporary?

Back 15

Outgassing, Evaporation/Sublimation,surface ejection = GainCondensation, Chemical Reactions, Solar Wind Stripping,Thermal escape = Loss

Front 16

Whydo the Moon and Mercury have so little atmospheric gas? How is it possible thatthey might nonetheless have water ice in polar craters?

Back 16

Small size lets gas escape. Comets mayhave crashed and embedded ice into the planets.

Front 17

howand why do seasons on Mars differ from seasons on Earth?

Back 17

Mars's seasons are affected by itsorbit. mars's elliptical orbit puts it significantly closer to the Sun duringsouthern hemisphere summer. Giving its southern hemisphere more extremeseasons.

Front 18

Describethe leading hypothesis for how Mars lost atmospheric gas. What role does Mars'ssize play in this process?

Back 18

They believe that there was a hugechange in Mars's magnetic field. The small size played a huge part in its lossof Atmospheric gas. It was too small to hold and maintain all the gases inside.

Front 19

whatdo we mean by a Runaway Greenhouse Effect? why does it occure on Venus and notMars?

Back 19

This effect would cause Earth to heatup until the oceans were completely evaporated and the carbonate rocks hadreleased all their carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. This occurs onVenus and Not Earth is because Venus is in a separate orbit.

Front 20

Describefour ways in which earth's atmosphere is unique among the terrestrial worlds.

Back 20

1.Low level of carbon dioxide in ouratmosphere2. Earth retained its outgassed water because temp was lowenough for water vapor to condense into rain and form oceans

3. Nitrogen is dominate ingredient in atmosphere

4. Presence of ultraviolet absorbing stratosphere.

Front 21

Whatis the carbon dioxide cycle? and why is it crucial to life on earth?

Back 21

-Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolvesin rainwater, creating a mild acid.

-mildly acidic rainfall erodes rocks on earths continentsand rivers carry the broken down minerals to the oceans

-calcium from the broken down minerals combines withdissolved carbon dioxide and falls to the ocean floor making carbonate rockssuch as limestone

-over millions of years the conveyor belt of platetectonics carries the carbonate rocks to subduction zones where they carrieddownward

- some of the subjected carbonate rocks melt and releasetheir carbon dioxide which then outgassed back into the atmosphere throughvolcanoes.

Long term thermostat for earth

Front 22

IfEarth's atmosphere did not contain molecular nitrogen, X rays from the Sunwould reach the surface.

Back 22

True

Front 23

Ifthe molecular oxygen content of Earth's atmosphere increases, it will cause ourplanet to warm up.

Back 23

False

Front 24

Earth'soceans must have formed at a time when no greenhouse effect operated on Earth.

Back 24

False

Front 25

Inthe distant past, when Mars had a thicker atmosphere, it also had astratosphere.

Back 25

False

Front 26

IfEarth rotated faster, hurricanes would be more common and more severe.

Back 26

true

Front 27

IfEarth had as much carbon dioxide in its atmosphere as Venus, our planet wouldbe too hot for liquid water to exist on the surface

Back 27

false

Front 28

Marswould still have seasons if its orbit around the Sun were perfectly circularrather than elliptical.?

Back 28

yes. mars has seasonal effects due to axial tilt, just asthe earth does

Front 29

Marsonce may have been warmer than it is today, but it could never havebeen warmer than Earth because it is farther from the Sun than Earth is.

Back 29

False

Front 30

Ifthe solar wind were much stronger, Mercury might develop a carbon dioxideatmosphere.

Back 30

False. CO2 comes from volcanic outgassing, not bombardmentof a rocky surface

Front 31

IfEarth had as much carbon dioxide in its atmosphere as Venus, our planet wouldbe too hot for liquid water to exist on the surface.

Back 31

True

Front 32

which terrestrial planet has the mostatmosphere?

Back 32

Venus, Earth

Front 33

Thegreenhouse effect occurs in the

Back 33

troposphere

Front 34

Whatkind of light warms the stratosphere

Back 34

Ultraviolet

Front 35

Whichof the following is a strong greenhouse gas?

Back 35

Water vapor

Front 36

Inwhich direction do hurricanes in the southern hemisphere rotate?

Back 36

Clockwise (Cyclones)

Front 37

Whatkind of gas is most affected by thermal escape?

Back 37

Light gases

Front 38

Aboutwhat fraction of earth's atmosphere is CO2?

Back 38

Less than 1%

Front 39

Whatcauses the release of oxygen into earth's atmosphere?

Back 39

Photosynthesis

Front 40

Whereis most of the CO2 that has outgassed from Earth's volcanoes?

Back 40

In Rocks

Front 41

Whatis the correct order of the jovian planets in order of increasing distance fromthe Sun?

Back 41

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Front 42

Whyis Earth the only planet with liquid water?

Back 42

In order to have liquid water, aplanet must have enough gravity to hold it, and be the right distance from Sun

Front 43

Whatdetermines if a planet has an atmosphere or not?

Back 43

Gravity (Mass) and Hotness(Temperature). Other factors include distance from other large bodies, distancefrom Sun

Front 44

Whatis the greenhouse effect?

Back 44

The trapping of the Sun's warmth in aplanet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmos tovisible radi

Front 45

Whydoes Venus have a runaway greenhouse effect?

Back 45

Atmosphere is 96.5% CO2. Changes issolar variation + dust from volanoes responsible for temperature changes

Front 46

Whatis the surface of Jupiter?

Back 46

No surface, just a change from theatmosphere

Front 47

Whatis the first liquid layer of Jupiter? Right under the atmosphere

Back 47

Liquid hydrogen

Front 48

Whatis the second liquid layer of Jupiter?

Back 48

Liquid metallic hydrogen

Front 49

Whatis the deepest part of Jupiter?

Back 49

The core, which is probably the sizeof Earth

Front 50

Whyis Jupiter's magnetic field so strong?

Back 50

14 times strong than Earth's, Eddycurrent- swirling movements of conducting materials- within the metallichydrogen core

Front 51

Whatis Jupiter's Great Red Spot?

Back 51

A raging red swirling storm located inJupiter's upper atmosphere

Front 52

Whereare asteroids found?

Back 52

Most asteroids are located betweenMars and Jupiter, between 2.1 and 3.3 AU's (astronomical units) from the Sun.

Front 53

Whatis the asteroid belt?

Back 53

The region of interplanetary spacebetween Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found.

Front 54

Whatare the Trojan asteroids?

Back 54

Asteroids that orbit near one of thetwo Trojan points of a planet

Front 55

Whatare near Earth asteroids?

Back 55

Asteroids whose orbits are between0.983 and 1.3 astronomical units away from the Sun, which brings them intoproximity to the Earth.

Front 56

Whyis there an asteroid belt?

Back 56

According to the Bode Relationshipthere should be a planet there, but there isn't. Therefore, the asteroidsgather there.

Front 57

Whatis a meteor?

Back 57

A small body of matter from outerspace that enters the earth's atmosphere, appearing as a streak of light.

Front 58

Meteorite is...

Back 58

A meteor that survives its passagethrough the earth's atmosphere such that part of it strikes the ground.

Front 59

Wheredo meteorites come from?

Back 59

Most meteorites are believed to havecome from the asteroid belt.

Front 60

Whatare comets?

Back 60

a celestial body moving about the sun,usually in a highly eccentric orbit, consisting of a central mass surrounded byan envelope of dust and gas that may form a tail that streams away from thesun.

Front 61

Whatis the Kuiper Belt?

Back 61

a disk-shaped region of minor planetsoutside the orbit of Neptune

Front 62

Whatis the Oort cloud?

Back 62

a huge spherical cloud of comets anddust that extends three light years from the Sun in all directions.

Front 63

Whendoes a comet form a tail?

Back 63

The first thing to form around a cometis the coma, which is a spherical haze of gas that builds up around the cometdue to ice melting as it nears the sun. The tail comes from solar winds pushingthe dust and gas away from the comet.

Front 64

Howmany different kinds of visible tails does a comet have?

Back 64

two tails: a dust tail and an iontail. The ion tail is a bluish streak that always points directly away from thesun, and is caused by ions from the solar wind interacting with he comet's gas.The dust trail is white and often curved as the comet rounds the sun. It'scaused by dust particles being pushed more slowly away by the solar wind.

Front 65

Whatis a meteor shower?

Back 65

A number of meteors that appear toradiate from one point in the sky at a particular date each year.

Front 66

Whatwould happen if a 1-kilometer object struck Earth?

Back 66

It would cause widespread devastationand climate change

Front 67

Abouthow often does a 1-kilometer object strike Earth?

Back 67

Every million years

Front 68

Howbig an object causes a typical shooting star?

Back 68

A grain of sand or a small pebble

Front 69

Whatdoes Pluto most resemble?

Back 69

A comet

Front 70

Whatis the correct order of the jovian planets in order of increasing distance fromthe Sun?

Back 70

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Front 71

Whydoes Neptune appear blue and Jupiter red?

Back 71

Methane in Neptune's atmosphereabsorbs red light

Front 72

Whyis Jupiter denser than Saturn?

Back 72

Its higher mass and gravity compressits interior

Front 73

Themain ingredients of most satellites of the jovian planets are

Back 73

Rock and metal

Front 74

Whyis Io more volcanically active than our Moon?

Back 74

Io has a different internal heatingsource

Front 75

Whatis unusual about Triton?

Back 75

It orbits its planet backwards

Front 76

Whichmoon shows evidence of rainfall and erosion by some liquid substance?

Back 76

Titan

Front 77

Saturn'smany moons affect its rings through

Back 77

Orbital resonances

Front 78

Saturn'srings

Back 78

Are continually supplied by impacts ontosmall moons

Front 79

Theasteroid belt lies between the orbits of

Back 79

Mars and Jupiter

Front 80

Jupiternudges the asteroids through the influence of

Back 80

Orbital resonances

Front 81

Canan asteroid be pure metal?

Back 81

Yes; it must have been the core of ashattered asteroid

Front 82

Dida large terrestrial planet ever form in the region of the asteroid belt?

Back 82

No, because there was never enoughmass there