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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fast-twitch fibers
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Type IIx fibers
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Fast-glycolytic fibers
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Type IIx fibers
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small # of mitochondria
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Type IIx fibers
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limited capacity for aerobic metabolism
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Type IIx fibers
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less resistant to fatigue
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Type IIx fibers
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rich in glycolytic enzymes which give them large anaerobic capacity
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Type IIx fibers
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specific tension is similar to type one fiber type but greater than the other type
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Type IIx fibers
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myosin ATpase highest resulting in highest Vmax
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Type IIx fibers
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least efficient of all fibers because ATpase activity requires a lot of energy expenditure
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Type IIx fibers
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Intermediate fibers
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Type IIa fibers
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Fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers
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Type IIa fibers
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fatigue is between both type of fibers, thus viewed as a mixture of both
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Type IIa fibers
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are extremely adaptable, with endurance training they can increase their oxidative capacity to levels equal to oxidative type
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Type IIa fibers
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Slow-twitch fibers
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Type I fibers
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Slow-oxidative fibers
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Type I fibers
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contain large # of mitochondria
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Type I fibers
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has most capillaries
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Type I fibers
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high concentration of myoglobin
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Type I fibers
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have large aerobic capacity & high resistance to fatigue
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Type I fibers
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possess slower Vmax (maximal shortening velocity)
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Type I fibers
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produce lower specific tension
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Type I fibers
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more efficient than the other fibers
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Type I fibers
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predominant energy is system is aerobic
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Type I fibers
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ATPase activity is low
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Type I fibers
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specific tension is moderate
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Type I fibers
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predominant energy system is anaerobic
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Type IIx
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predominant energy system is a combination of anaerobic and aerobic
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Type IIa
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has a moderate to high resistance to fatigue
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Type IIa
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specific tension is high
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both Type IIx and IIa
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ATPase activity is high
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Type IIa
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efficiency is moderate
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Type IIa
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Vmax speed is high
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Type IIa
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number of mitochondria is high to moderate
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Type IIa
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Motor unit
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Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
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Somatic motor neurons of PNS
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carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles
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motor neuron
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somatic neuron that innervates skeletal muscle fibers
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Innervation ratio
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Number of muscle fibers per motor neuron
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Responsible for maintaining internal environment, innervate effector organs not under voluntary control
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Releases nor epinephrine (NE)
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Sympathetic division
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activates an organ (↑HR)
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Sympathetic division
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Excites an effector organ
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Sympathetic division
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Releases acetylcholine (ACh)
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Parasympathetic division
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Inhibits effector organ
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Parasympathetic division
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Cell body
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Contains the nucleus
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Dendrites
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Conduct impulses toward cell body
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Axon
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Carries electrical impulse away from cell body, covered by Schwann cells
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Synapse
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Contact points between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron
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Irritability
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Ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a neural impulse
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Conductivity
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Transmission of the impulse along the axon
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Magnitude of Resting Potential Determined by
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Permeability of plasma membrane to ions and difference in ion concentrations across membrane
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Negativity of inside of cell is maintained by
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sodium-potassium pump
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concentration greater outside of cell
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Na+
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→goes in
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Na+
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concentration greater inside the cell
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K+
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← goes out
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K+
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Action Potential
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Occurs when a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarizes the cell and Opens Na+ channels to diffuse into cell
Inside becomes more positive |
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Repolarization
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return to resting membrane potential K+ leaves the cell rapidly Na+ channels close
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All-or-none law
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Once a nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the length of the neuron
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Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
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Causes depolarization
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Temporal summation
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Summing several EPSPs from one presynaptic neuron
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Spatial summation
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Summing from several different presynaptic neurons
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)
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Causes hyperpolarization
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Proprioceptors
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Receptors that provide CNS with information about body position
Located in joints and muscles |
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Golgi-type receptors
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Found in ligaments and around joints
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Muscle Proprioceptors
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Provide sensory feedback about muscles to nervous system
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2 types of muscle proprioceptors
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Muscle spindle
Golgi tendon organ |
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Muscle Spindle
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Responds to changes in muscle length
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Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
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Monitors tension developed in muscle
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Muscle Chemoreceptors
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Sensitive to changes in the chemical environment surrounding a muscle, Provide CNS about metabolic rate of muscular activity
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myonuclear domain
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region of cytoplasm surrounding an individual nucleus is termed
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What is the importance of the myonuclear domain
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single nucleus is responsible for the gene expression for its surrounding cytoplasm
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Satellite Cells
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Play role in muscle growth and repair. More nuclei allow for greater protein synthesis which is important for adaptations to strength training
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Myofibrils
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Contain contractile proteins
Actin (thin filament) Myosin (thick filament) |
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thin filaments
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Actin
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thick filaments
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myosin
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Storage sites for calcium
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The Sliding Filament Model
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Muscle shortening occurs due to the movement of the actin filament over the myosin filament by the formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments
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contain more cross-bridges per cross-sectional area
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Type IIx and IIa
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speed of muscle shortening is greater
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Type IIx and IIa
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muscle twitch
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Contraction as the result of a single stimulus consist of 5 sec latent period, 40 sec contraction,, and 50 sec relaxztion
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Force generation depends on
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Recruitment
Length Tension relationship rate coding force velocity |
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Recruitment
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More motor units = greater force
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Length/Tension Relationship
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“Ideal” length for force generation
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Rate Coding
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frequency of neurological impulses
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Force/Velocity
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as F↑, V↓
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Purposes of the cardiorespiratory system
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Transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
Removal of CO2 wastes from tissues Regulation of body temperature |
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wo major adjustments of blood flow during exercise
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Increased cardiac output
Redistribution of blood flow |
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Arteries and arterioles
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Carry blood away from the heart
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Capillaries
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Exchange of O2, CO2, and nutrients with tissues
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Veins and venules
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Carry blood toward the heart
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Right side of the heart
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Pulmonary circuit
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Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries
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Pulmonary circuit
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Returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins
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Pulmonary circuit
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Left side of the heart
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Systemic circuit
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Pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via arteries
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Systemic circuit
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Returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart via veins
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Systemic circuit
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purposes of the cardiovascular system
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1) the transport of O2 to tissues and removal of wastes, (2) the transport of nutrients to tissues, and (3) the regulation of body temperature.
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Systole
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Contraction phase-ejection of blood
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Diastole
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Relaxation phase -filling with blood
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Systolic pressure
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Pressure generated during ventricular contraction
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Diastolic pressure
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Pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation
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Pulse pressure
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Difference between systolic and diastolic
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Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
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average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle
(cardiac output x total vascular resistance) |
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Cardiac output
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amount of blood pumped from the heart (Q = HR x SV)
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Total vascular resistance
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sum of resistance to blood flow provided by all systemic blood pressure
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Blood pressure can be increased by
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increase blood volume
increase in heart rate increase in blood viscosity increase in stroke volume increase in peripheral resistance |
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Heart rate
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Number of beats per minute
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Stroke volume
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Amount of blood ejected in each beat
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3 variables that regulate Stroke Volume
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End-diastolic volume (EDV)
Average aortic blood pressure Strength of the ventricular contraction (contractility) |
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Frank-Starling mechanism
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Greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction
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Factors that regulate venous return during exercise
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Venoconstriction
Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump |
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Increased O2 delivery accomplished by
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Increased cardiac output and
Redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle |
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Cardiac output increases due to
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Increased HR
Increased Stroke Volume |
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Changes in heart rate and blood pressure because of exercise is dependent on
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Type, intensity, and duration of exercise
Environmental condition Emotional influence |
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Exercise causes
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increase HR
increase Q Increase BP (systolic goes up, diastolic stays the same) increase SV increase O2 drop off |
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cardiovascular drift.
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increase in heart rate that occurs during prolonged exercise
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Purposes of the respiratory system during exercise
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Gas exchange between the environment and the body
Regulation of acid-base balance during exercise |
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Function of the Lung
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Replacing O2
Removing CO2 Regulation of acid-base balance |
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Ventilation
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Mechanical process of moving air into and out of lungs
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Diffusion
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Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Alveoli
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Site of gas exchange
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Diaphragm
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Major muscle of inspiration
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Conducting zone
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Conducts air to respiratory zone
Humidifies, warms, and filters air |
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Respiratory zone
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Exchange of gases between air and blood
Components: Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar sacs |
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Airflow depends on
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Pressure difference between two ends of airway
Resistance of airways |
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The primary factor that contributes to airflow resistance in the pulmonary system is
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diameter of the airway.
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Pulmonary Ventilation
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The amount of air moved in or out of the lungs
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Tidal volume (VT)
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Amount of air moved per breath
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Alveolar ventilation (VA)
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Volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone
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Dead-space ventilation (VD)
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Volume of air remaining in conducting airways
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Vital capacity (VC)
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Maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
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Residual volume (RV)
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Volume of gas remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
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Total lung capacity (TLC)
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Amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration.
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Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
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Volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration
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Dalton’s law
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The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert independently
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Fick’s law of diffusion
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The rate of gas transfer (V gas) is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in the partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue, and inversely proportional to the thickness.
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Myoglobin (Mb)
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Shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria
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percent of CO2 transport in Blood
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Dissolved in plasma (10%)
Bound to Hb (20%) Bicarbonate (70%) |
