Exercise Physiology Exam 1

Front 1

Define Exercise

Back 1

Performance of physical exertion for improvement of health or correction of physical deformity

Front 2

What is the performance of physical exertion for improvement of health or correction of physical deformity

Back 2

Exercise

Front 3

What is the biological study of functions

Back 3

Physiology

Front 4

Define Physiology

Back 4

The biological study of functions

Front 5

As exercise intensity increases, HR...

Back 5

Increases

Front 6

As exercise intensity increases, blood lactate...

Back 6

Increases slowly then suddenly spikes

Front 7

As exercise intensity increases, blood pH...

Back 7

Remains steady then suddenly drops

Front 8

As the duration of exercise increases, core body temp...

Back 8

Increases then plateaus

Front 9

What is homeostasis

Back 9

Maintenance of a constant and "normal" internal environment

Front 10

What is steady state?

Back 10

The physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily "normal"

Front 11

What is it called when the physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily "normal"?

Back 11

Steady state

Front 12

What is the non-biological control system

Back 12

Negative feedback to maintain homeostasis

Front 13

Sensor 》control center 》effect

Back 13

Non-biological control center

Front 14

C6 H12 O6

Back 14

Glucose (blood sugar/plasma glucose)

Front 15

What is gluconeogenesis?

Back 15

The synthesizing of glucose

Front 16

Gluconeogenesis uses what to synthesize glucose?

Back 16

Protein, lactate, pyruvate

Front 17

Glucose is synthesized through

Back 17

Gluconeogenesis

Front 18

What is glycogenesis?

Back 18

Synthesizing glycogen from glucose

Front 19

What is the method of using glucose to synthesize glycogen?

Back 19

Glycogenesis

Front 20

Where is glycogen stored?

Back 20

Muscle and liver

Front 21

What is glycogen?

Back 21

Stored form of CHO

Front 22

Glycogen is stored in the body with...?

Back 22

Lots of water

Front 23

Approximately how much glycogen is stored in the body?

Back 23

~2000 kcals (15g/kg of body weight)

Front 24

This is the stored form of CHO

Back 24

Glycogen

Front 25

What are 3 roles of CHO in the body?

Back 25

●energy source

●protein sparer

●metabolic primer

Front 26

How do carbohydrates work as a protein sparer in the body?

Back 26

When CHO is low, the body uses protein to create glucose through gluconeogenesis

Front 27

How is CHO a metabolic primer?

Back 27

CHO helps "prime" fat oxidation

Front 28

After about an hour of exercise, glycogen is depleted to..

Back 28

50-55%

Front 29

After approximately 2 hours of exercise, glycogen is

Back 29

Nearly depleated

Front 30

Triglycerides are composed of

Back 30

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

Front 31

C16 H32 O2 is an example of

Back 31

A fatty acid

Front 32

What is an example of a fatty acid?

Back 32

C16 H32 O2

Front 33

What is bioenergetics

Back 33

The study of energy transfer in living things

Front 34

The study of energy transfer in living things

Back 34

Bioenergetics

Front 35

What are the forms of energy?

Back 35

Chemical, heat, mechanical

Front 36

Chemical, heat, and mechanical are what?

Back 36

Forms of energy

Front 37

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

Back 37

Oxygen = Aerobic

No Oxygen = Anaerobic

Front 38

Chemical Reactions are tightly regulated by...

Back 38

Enzymes

Front 39

Enzymes help

Back 39

Regulate the speed of bioenergetics

Front 40

Catalysts that regulate the speed of reaction

Back 40

Enzymes

Front 41

Typically "ase"

Back 41

Enzymes

Front 42

Lower the energy of activation

Back 42

Enzymes

Front 43

Lock and key mechanism

Back 43

Enzymes

Front 44

What is the effect of body temp on enzyme activity

Back 44

As body temp increases, enzyme activity increases, until a certain degree in which enzyme activity quickly drops

Front 45

The effect of pH on enzyme activity

Back 45

As pH increases, enzyme activity increases, until it passes the optimum pH range for enzyme activity

Front 46

What enzyme helps turn ATP to energy?

Back 46

ATPase;

ATP ---ATPase---> ADP + Pi + Energy

Front 47

Anaerobic ATP production

Back 47

●ATP-PC (phosphocreatine breakdown)

●Glycolysis (glucose & glycogen breakdown)

Front 48

Forming ATP via breakdown of phosphocreatine

Back 48

ATP-PC system

Front 49

Formation of ATP via degredation of glucose and glycogen

Back 49

Glycolysis

Front 50

Is the ATP-PC system aerobic or anaerobic

Back 50

Anaerobic

Front 51

Is Glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 51

Anaerobic

Front 52

Fast way to synthesize ATP for a short reserve

Back 52

ATP-PC

Front 53

Immediate source of ATP?

Back 53

ATP-PC

Front 54

What enzyme is needed to get ATP from phosphocreatine?

Back 54

Creatine kinase

Front 55

What is creatine kinase?

Back 55

An enzyme needed for the ATP-PC system.

Front 56

How does the ATP-PC system work?

Back 56

PC+ADP ---creatine kinase--> ATP+C

Front 57

There are 4-6 times more _____ than _____ in a muscle

Back 57

Phosphocreatine; ATP

Front 58

What happens during glycolysis

Back 58

Glucose and/or glycogen are broken down to create lactate and/or pyruvate

Front 59

During the energy investment phase of glycolysis, how much ATP is required

Back 59

Glucose requires 2ATP expenditure while Glycogen requires only 1ATP

Front 60

During the energy generation phase of glycolysis, what is produced?

Back 60

4ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate/lactate

Front 61

Where do the 2 phases of glycolysis take place?

Back 61

The sarcoplasm of the muscle

Front 62

What happens to NADH after glycolysis?

Back 62

If oxygen is present, NADH goes to the electron transport chain (ETC) to drop off electrons, if no oxygen is present, NADH combines with pyruvate to form lactate.

Front 63

What are methods of Aerobic ATP production?

Back 63

●Krebs Cycle

●Electron Transport Chain

●Beta Oxidation

Front 64

Krebs Cycle is also known as

Back 64

The Citric Acid Cycle

Front 65

During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is converted to

Back 65

Acetyl-CoA

Front 66

During the Krebs Cycle, Acetyl-CoA combines with ___ to form ___

Back 66

Oxaloacetate; citrate

Front 67

After citrate is formed in the Krebs Cycle, what happens to the citrate and what forms as a byproduct?

Back 67

Citrate is metabolized to oxaloacetate and two CO2 molecules are given off

Front 68

What is produced during the Krebs Cycle

Back 68

3 molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH

Front 69

What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

Back 69

To complete oxidation of macronutrients

Front 70

What happens to the NADH and FADH molecules formed in the Krebs Cycle?

Back 70

They go to the Electron Transport Chain

Front 71

What happens at the Electron Transport Chain?

Back 71

NADH and FADH drop off their electrons and become NAD and FAD, then the electrons are used to produce ATP

Front 72

How much ATP is produced from a molecule of glucose?

Back 72

~32 ATP

Front 73

How much ATP is produced from a molecule of glycogen?

Back 73

~33 ATP

Front 74

What happens in the mitochondria during the ETC process?

Back 74

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 75

What happens to electrons in the ETC?

Back 75

Electrons are removed from NADH and FADH then passed along a series of carriers (cytochromes) to produce ATP

Front 76

What are cytochromes and where are they found?

Back 76

Cytochromes are electron carriers that are found in the ETC which transfer electrons from NADH/FADH through the ETC

Front 77

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC and what happens when accepted?

Back 77

Oxygen accepts the electron to form water.

Front 78

How many ATP come from a single NADH?

Back 78

2.5 ATP

Front 79

How many ATP come from a single FADH?

Back 79

1.5 ATP

Front 80

What is Beta Oxidation?

Back 80

The breakdown of Fatty Acids for energy

Front 81

The breakdown of Fatty acids for energy is known as...

Back 81

Beta Oxidation

Front 82

Beta Oxidation chops fatty acids into...

Back 82

2 carbon fragments

Front 83

How much ATP is produced from one fatty acid molecule?

Back 83

400+

Front 84

Beta Oxidation occurs in...

Back 84

The mitochondria

Front 85

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Back 85

The mitochondria

Front 86

What happens to a free fatty acid during Beta Oxidation?

Back 86

Free fatty acid is activated forming Fatty Acetyl-CoA. Fatty Acetyl-CoA sends fatty acid through Beta Oxidation while the Acetyl-CoA gets sent to the Krebs Cycle.