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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the mechanisms for inspiration at rest?
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bucket handle - out and up
begins with contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm volume of thorax increases and intrapulmonary pressure decreases (-757--760mmHg) |
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what added mechanisms are their for inspiration during exercise?
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accessory inspiratory muscles - sternocleidomastoid, scalene, trapezius - lift ribs and clavicles vertically and transversely to increase tidal volume (-570--760mmHg)
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what are the mechanisms for expiration at rest?
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elastic recoil
passive action diaphragm and intercostal relax lungs, ribs, and diaphragm recoil volume of thorax is decreased intrapulmonary pressure is increased |
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what are the added mechanisms for expiration during exercise?
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active movement
contractions of internal intercostals pull ribs down and in contractions of abdominal muscles increase abdominal pressure to force diaphragm up |
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what is static lung volume dependent on?
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depnds on physical dimensions of lungs which tend to correlate to body size
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dynamic lung volume experiment?
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controls = runners
FEV/FVC in runners = 84% airway obstruction = <70% differ in gender, age and athletic ability |
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what is ventilation-perfusion?
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blood flow to the lungs
greatest in basal regions linear descrease from bottom to top of lungs same for regional ventilation but not as great a difference |
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what factors regulate pulmonary ventilation?
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higher brain centers - expiratory, inspiratory
chemoreceptors - peripheral and central lung stretch receptors muscle mechanoreceptors hypothalamic input to respiratory centers conscious control - inspiratory center |
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how does the respiratory center control ventilation?
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controls frequency and amplitude of ventilatory movements
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what types of chemoreceptors regulate ventilation and what stimulates them?
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carotid bodies and aortic bodies - stimulated by decreased PO2, increased PCO2 and decreased pH
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what is the ventilation reaction in the transition from transition to steady-state exercise?
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at exercise onset there is biphasic ventilation - rapid increase at onset and slow rise toward steady
arterial PO2 decreases slightly in transition |
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what is the ventilatory response to submaximal, steady-state exercise?
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ventilation drifts upward during prolonged constant-load exercise
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what is the ventilatory response to heavy exercise?
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adequate capacity in untrained to maintain or increase alveolar PO2 and maintain arterial PO2 close to resting levels a-vO2 widens
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what is the ventilatory response to incremental exercise?
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initial linear relationship between volume of air ventilated and oxygen uptake until onset of blood lactate (OBLA) accumulation - ventilatory breakpoint
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how is pulmonary ventilation changed during restsubmax, and max exercise
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no change, no change, increased - 5->190L'm in healthy untrained adult
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what is the respiratory response to training?
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rest - slight decrease
submax - slight decrease Max - increase |
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how does training affect lung volumes and capacities?
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totaly lung capacity unchanged
maybe a slight increase in vital capacity and tidal volume during max exercise |
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what is the change in ventilation/perfusion during exercise?
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no change during rest and submax, during max - increased pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary blood flow especially in upper regions
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training effects to a-vO2 difference?
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some decrease in venous content due to increase in extraction at tissue
no change in arterial content except for exercise induvced hypoxemia |
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who experiences respiratory limitation to performance?
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individuals who are highly trained endurance athletes and have restrictive or obstructive respiratory disorders
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