Exercise Physiology

Front 1

Epimysium

Back 1

Connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle

Front 2

Perimysium

Back 2

Connective tissue around the fasicles

Front 3

Endomysium

Back 3

Connective tissue around muscle cell

Front 4

Sarcolemma

Back 4

Muscle cell plasma membrane

Front 5

Sarcoplasm

Back 5

Muscle cell cytoplasm. Storage site for glycogen, myoglobin.

Front 6

Myofibril

Back 6

Threads of a muscle fiber. Contain actin and myosin

Front 7

Myofiber

Back 7

A skeletal muscle cell created by myofibrils

Front 8

Fasicle

Back 8

A group of myofibers

Front 9

Muscle

Back 9

A group of fasicles

Front 10

Satellite Cells

Back 10

Cells that assist in muscle growth and development. Respond to injury, immobilization, and training to repair muscle damage.

Front 11

Terminal Cisternae

Back 11

Enlarged areas of the SR surrounding the transverse tubules

Front 12

Transverse Tubules

Back 12

Extension of plasmalemma that runs through myofiber. Path for nerve impulses

Front 13

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 13

Calcium storage that runs parallel to myofiber

Front 14

Sarcomere

Back 14

Basic contractile element of skeletal muscle (actin and myosin)

Front 15

Actin

Back 15

Globular strands containing myosin-binding site

Front 16

Myosin

Back 16

Protein that assists in contractions by pulling actin stands

Front 17

Tropomyosin

Back 17

Covers active site at rest

Front 18

Troponin

Back 18

Attachment to actin that moves tropomyosin

Front 19

M-Line

Back 19

Center of the sarcomere

Front 20

Z-Disk

Back 20

Borders that separate and link sarcomeres. Anchors actin

Front 21

Titin

Back 21

A protein that stabilizes myosin

Front 22

A-Bands

Back 22

Area covered by myosin. M Line is at the center

Front 23

I-Bands

Back 23

Area not covered by myosin heads

Front 24

H-Zone

Back 24

Area not covered by actin filaments

Front 25

Sliding filament theory

Back 25

Process of actin-myosin contraction. During contraction, myosin head pulls actin towards sarcomere center. Power stroke repeats until desired contraction is reached.

Front 26

Type I muscle fiber

Back 26

Slow contracting fibers that have a high oxidative capacity and high fatigue resistance but low motor unit strength. Used for high aerobic endurance. Efficiently produce ATP from fat and carbs

Front 27

Type IIA muscle fiber

Back 27

Fast contracting fibers that have a moderate oxidative capacity and moderate fatigue resistance. They have a high glycolytic capacity and produce high motor unit strength. Produce ATP anaerobicly. Used for high intensity endurance events.

Front 28

Type IIX muscle fiber

Back 28

Fast contracting fibers that have a low oxydative capacity and low fatigue resistance. They have the highest glycolytic capacity and high motor unit strength. Produce ATP anaerobicly and are for short and explosive movements

Front 29

Size Principle

Back 29

Under load, motor units are recruited from smallest to largest. Type I - Type IIA - Type IIX

Type I - 12-20 rm

Type IIA - 6-10 rm

Type IIX - 1-5 rm

Front 30

Static Contraction

Back 30

Muscle generates force without changing length. Joint angles do not move. Myosin cross-bridges recycle to hold position.

Front 31

Dynamic Contraction

Back 31

Muscle produces force and changes length. Joints move.

Front 32

Concentric Contraction

Back 32

Muscle shortens while producing force. Sarcomere shorten and filaments slide toward center.

Front 33

Eccentric Contraction

Back 33

Muscle lengthens while producing force. Cross-bridges but sarcomere lengthens

Front 34

Length-Tension Relationship

Back 34

Most force is produced during mid contraction

Front 35

Speed-Force Relationship

Back 35

Concentric: force decreases as speed increases.

Eccentric: Force increases as higher speeds

Front 36

Rate Coding

Back 36

The motor unit firing rate. Active motor units can discharge at higher frequencies to generate greater tensions.

Front 37

Cross Education

Back 37

An increase in strength is witnessed within an untrained limb following unilateral strength training in the opposite, contralateral limb.

Front 38

Cell Body

Back 38

Contains nucleus of the neuron

Front 39

Dendrites

Back 39

Receive messages from other cells

Front 40

Axon

Back 40

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Front 41

Myelin Sheath

Back 41

Covers the axon to improve speed of electrical impulses

Front 42

Resting Membrane Potential

Back 42

-70 MV

Difference in electrical charges between outside and inside of the cell

Front 43

Depolarization

Back 43

Contractions

Occurs when inside of cell becomes less negative -70 MV -> 0 MV

NA+ enters cell

Front 44

Hyperpolarization

Back 44

Occurs when inside of the cell becomes more negative -70 MV -> -90 MV

K+ leaves cell

Front 45

Action Potentials

Back 45

The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

Front 46

Graded Potentials

Back 46

Changes in membrane potential that very in size

Front 47

Synapse

Back 47

Junction between two cells

Front 48

Central Nervous System

Back 48

Brain, Spinal Cord

Front 49

Somatic Nervous System

Back 49

Voluntary movements - skeletal muscles

Front 50

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 50

Involuntary movements

Front 51

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 51

Fight or flight

Front 52

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 52

Rest and digest

Front 53

Sensory Nerves

Back 53

A nerve that passes impulses from receptors towards or to the central nervous system.

Front 54

Effector Nerves

Back 54

A nerve that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector in order to bring about a physiological responses to changes.

Front 55

Terminal Branches of Axon

Back 55

Forms junctions with other cells

Front 56

Absolute Refractory Period

Back 56

Occurs during depolarization. The neuron is unable to respond to another stimulus.

Front 57

Relative Refractory Period

Back 57

Occurs during repolarization. The neuron only responds to a very strong stimulus

Front 58

Synapse

Back 58

Junction or gap between neurons. Site of neuron - to - neuron communication

Front 59

Excited Postsynaptic Potential

Back 59

The change in potential that is produced in the membrane of the next neuron when an impulse that has an excitatory influence arrives at the synapse

Front 60

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

Back 60

Synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential

Front 61

Mechanoreceptors

Back 61

Physical Forces

Front 62

Thermoreceptors

Back 62

Temperature

Front 63

Nociceptors

Back 63

Pain

Front 64

Photoreceptors

Back 64

Light

Front 65

Chemoreceptors

Back 65

Chemical stimuli

Front 66

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

Back 66

Sensitive to joint angles and rate of angle change

Front 67

Muscle Spindles

Back 67

Sensitive to muscle length and rate of length change

Front 68

Golgi Tendon Organs

Back 68

Sensitive to tension in tendon

Front 69

Motor Division

Back 69

Transmits information from brain to periphery