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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
milites, qui totum diem contenderant, erant defessi
|
The soldiers, who had marched all day, were tired
Relative clause |
|
milites, quos Caesar puniverat, ignavi fuerant
|
The soldiers, whom Caesar had punished, had been cowardly
Relative clause |
|
puella, cuius mater mortua erat, lacrimabat
|
The girl, whose mother had died, was crying
Relative clause |
|
meus amicus, cui pecuniam commisi, me prodidit
|
My friend, to whom I handed over the money, betrayed me
Relative clause |
|
habitamus Athenis, quam urbem omnes mirantur
|
We live in Athens, a city which all admire
Relative clause with the antecedent incorporated into the relative clause |
|
venit cum copiis quas firmissimas habebat
|
He came with the strongest forces he had
Relative clause with the antecedent incorporated into the relative clause |
|
hoc timeo, quod Caesar rex fieri vult
|
This is what I fear, that Caesar wishes to become king
Demonstrative hoc followed by relative clause = strengthened statement |
|
res loquitur ipsa, iudices. quae semper valet plurimum
|
The facts speak for themselves, gentlemen. That always carries conviction.
Demonstrative pronoun followed by relative clause = strengthened statement |
|
leo Androclem non petivit. quod ubi videmus, mirati sumus
|
The lion did not attack Androcles. When we saw this, we marvelled.
Demonstrative pronoun followed by relative clause = strengthened statement |
|
abierunt illi ridentes
|
They went away laughing
Present participle |
|
lupum in silvan intrantem conspeximus
|
We caught sight of the wolf going into the wood
Present participle |
|
ei roganti respondere semper conor
|
I always try to answer his questions (his asking)
Present participle |
|
multi ex adstantibus lacrimabant
|
Many of the bystanders were weeping
Present participle |
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una ex ancillas ad tabernam profecta est panem empura
|
One of the maids set out for the shop (intending) to buy bread
Future participle (Active) |
|
coquus vocatus a convivis laudatus est
|
When he had been summoned, the cook was praised by the guests
Perfect participle |
|
coquum vocatum convivae laudaverunt
|
Having summoned the book, the guests praised him
Perfect participle (acc) |
|
coquo vocato conviviae gratis egerunt
|
The cook was summoned and the guests thanked him
Perfect participle (dat) |
|
illi libertatem imminutam non tulerunt
|
They did not tolerate the restriction of freedom (lit. reduced freedom)
Perfect participle (where English would use a noun) |
|
a villa profectus fugitivus flumen transire conans captus est
|
Having set out from the villa, the runaway slave was caught tryin to cross the river.
Perfect participle, deponent verb |
|
oratore loquente, cives tacebant
|
While the orator was speaking, the citizens did not speak
ablative absolute (present) |
|
oratore lucuto, cives inter se loquebanter
|
After the orator had spoken, the citizens talked among themselves
Ablative absolute (perfect) |
|
oratore locuturo, cives conticuerunt
|
Since the oratore was going to speak, the citizens fell silent
Ablative absolute (future) |
|
Augusto mortuo, Tiberius princeps factus est
|
On the death of Augustus, Tiberius became emperor.
Ablative absolute (where English would use a noun) |
|
militibus progredientibus, hostes terga dederunt
|
During the advance of the troops, the enemy turned and fled.
Ablative absolute (where English would use a noun) |
|
Caesare duce
|
under the leadership of Caesar
Ablative absolute |
|
me custode
|
While I am on guard
Ablative absolute |
|
inscia matre
|
Without mother's knowledge
Ablative absolute |
|
puto pueros esse molestissimos
|
I think the boys are very troublesome
Acc/Inf |
|
credisne servum in horto laborare
|
Do you believe that the slave is working in the garden?
Acc/Inf |
|
scimus patrem iratissimum esse
|
We know that father is very angry
Acc/Inf |
|
audio Caesarem Gallos vicisse
|
I hear that Caesar had defeated the Gauls
Acc/Inf |
|
audio Gallos a Caesare victos esse
|
I hear that the Gauls have been defeated by Caesar
Acc/Inf |
|
senator dicit nuntium mox ab urbe perventurum esse
|
The senator says that a messenger will soon arrive from the city
Acc/Inf |
|
putavi pueros esse molestissimos
|
I thought that the boys were very troublesome
Acc/Inf (Main verb in past tense) |
|
credebasne servum in horto laborare
|
Did you believe that the slave was working in the garden?
Acc/Inf (Main verb in past tense) |
|
audivi Caesarem Gallos vicisse
|
I head that aesar had defeated the Gauls
Acc/Inf (Main verb in past tense) |
|
senator dixit se suos amicos in urbe vidisse
|
The senator said that he had seen his friends in the city
Acc/Inf w se/suus, which usually refers to the subject of the main verb |
|
Caesar negait se captivos necavisse
|
Caesar said that he had not killed the prisoners
Acc/ Inf |
|
scimus acriter pugnari
|
We know that a fierce battle is going on
Acc/Inf: with verbs used impersonally, only the infinitive is expressed |
|
eum rogavi quis esset
|
I asked him who he was
Indirect question |
|
nescio cur non pervenerit
|
I do not know why he has not arrived
Indirect question |
|
mirabat quando pervenurus esset
|
I wondered when he would arrive
Indirect question |
|
rogavit num quid audivissem
|
He asked if I had heard anything
Indirect question |
|
miror utrum domum redire velit an diutius manere malit
|
I wonder if he wants to return home or prefers to remain longer
Indirect question |
|
incerti erant copiasne adversus hostem educere an castra defendere praestaret
|
They were uncertain whether it was best to lead their troops out against the enemy or to defend the camp
Indirect question |
|
scisne utrum venire in animo habeat necne?
|
Do you know if he intends to come or not?
Indirect question |
|
puer rogavit cur se punirem
|
The boy asked why I was punishing him
Indirect question (se/suus refers to subject of main verb |
|
scimus quot sint discipuli
|
We know the number of pupils
Indirect question (noun in English, not a clause) |
|
vidi quantus esset exercitus
|
I saw the size of the army
Indirect question (noun in English, not a clause) |
|
cognovi quando pervenisset
|
I learned the time of his arrival
Indirect question (noun in English, not a clause) |
|
sciebamus quo iret
|
We knew his destination
Indirect question (noun in English, not a clause) |
|
senem rogavimus ut domi maneret
|
We asked the old man to stay at home
Indirect command (translate ut + subjunctive as an infinitive) |
|
tyrannum orabimus ut mulieribus parcat
|
We shall beg the tyrant to spare the women
Indirect command (translate ut + subjunctive as an infinitive) |
|
servos monebo ne vinum in culina bibant
|
I shall warn the slaves not to drink wine in the kitchen
Indirect command (translate ne + subjunctive as an infinitive) |
|
dux milites hortatus est ne arma deponerent
|
The general urged the soldiers not to lay down their arms
Indirect command (translate ne + subjunctive as an infinitive) |
|
coquo imperavit ut in atrium veniret
|
He ordered the cook to come into the atrium
Indirect command |
|
imperavit ut coquus arcesseretur
|
He fave orders that the cook be sent for
Indirect command |
|
Catalinae imperavit ut ex urbe abiret neve umquam regrederetur
|
He ordered Cataline to leave the city and never return
Double indirect command (translate neve, neque or neu as And Not) |
|
mihi persuasit ut sibi pecuniam darem
|
He persuaded me to give him the money.
Indirect command (se/suus refers to the subject of the main verb) |
|
Puer arborem ascendit ut milites vidiret
|
The boy climbed the tree to see the soldiers
Purpose (ut or ne + subjunctive) |
|
pure de arbore descendit ut milites se viderent
|
The boy came down from the tree so that the soldiers would see him
Purpose (ut or ne + subjunctive) |
|
puer arborem ascendit ne milites se viderent
|
The boy climbed the tree so that the soldiers wouldn't see him
Purpose (ut or ne + subjunctive) |
|
puer arborem ascendit ne a militibus videretur
|
The boy climbed the tree so that he would not be seen by the soldiers
Purpose (ut or ne + subjunctive) |
|
aurum celavit ne quis id inveniret
|
He concealed the gold so that no one might find it
Purpose (ne + quis, quis = so that no one / in case anyone) |
|
servus aufugit ne puniretur neve caederetur
|
The slave ran away to avoid being punished or killed
Purpose (double negative) |
|
duae legiones advenerunt quae castra defenderent
|
Two legions arrived to defend the camp
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose |
|
legatos delegerunt qui pacem peterent
|
They chose ambassadors to sue for peace
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose |
|
cives arma poscunt quibus moenia defendant
|
The citizens are demanding arms so that they may defend the walls with them.
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose |
|
dux misit qui haec Caesari nuntiarent
|
The general sent (men) to report this to Caesar
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose. Antecedent omitted |
|
venerunt qui se excusarent
|
People came to apologise
relative pronoun + subjunctive can = purpose. Antecedent omitted |
|
milites manipulos laxaverunt quo facilius gladiis uti possent
|
The soldiers opened up their ranks so that they could use their swords more easily.
Purpose, with quo instead of ut, since the purpose clause contains a comparative adjective |
|
Caesar ad cohortandos milites decucurrit
|
Caesar ran down to encourage the soldiers
ad + gerundive used to express purpose |
|
ad eas res conficiendas biennium eis satis esse videbatur
|
Two years seemed to them to be long enough to complete these preparations.
ad + gerundive = purpose |
|
milites praedandi causa e castris egressi sunt
|
The soldiers went out of the camp to gather booty
causa + gerundive = purpose |
|
principes legatos miserunt pacem rogatum
|
The chieftains sent envoys to ask for peace
supine expressing purpose after verbs of motion/implying motion |
|
Hannibal patriam defensum revocatus est
|
Hannibal was recalled to defend his homeland
supine expressing purpose after verbs of motion/implying motion |
|
Galli Clusium venerunt legionem Romanam oppugnaturi
|
The Gauls came to Clusium intending to attack the Roman legion
Future participle used to express purpose |
|
hoc fecit ut se suosque servaret
|
He did this to protect himself and his men
Purpose clause (se/suus refers to subject of the main clause |
|
iter tam periculosum est ut proficisci timeamus
|
The route is so dangerous that we are afraid to set out.
Result clause. tam + ut + subjunctive |
|
tanti erant fluctus ut naves portum capere non possent
|
The waves were so big that the ships could not reach the harbour
Result clause. tantus/a/um + ut + subjunctive |
|
servus dominum adeo timebat ut aufugerit
|
The slave feared his master so much that he ran away
Result clause. adeo + ut + subjunctive |
|
adeo mihi non subvenerunt ut inimicis me tradiderint
|
Instead of helping me they handed me over to my enemies (lit. to such an extent that they did not help me)
Result clause. adeo + ut + subjunctive |
|
tantum abest ut...
|
It was so far distant that...
Instead of... Impersonal expression used to introduce result clauses |
|
tantum afuit ut mihi subvenirent ut inimicis me tradiderint
|
Instead of helping me they handed me over to my enemies
Impersonal expression "tantum adeo ut" used to introduce result clause. |
|
puer timet ne in aquam cadat
|
The boys fear that he will fall into the water
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive |
|
Caesar metuebat ne Galli castra Romana oppugnarent
|
Caesar feared that the Gauls would attack the Roman camp
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive |
|
timebant ne unus ex custodibus urbem hostibus prodidisset
|
They feared that one of the guards had betrayed the city to the enemy
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive |
|
nos timebus omnes ne nuntius ad tempus non adveniat
|
We are all afraid that the messenger will not arrive in time
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive |
|
Verebantur Romani ut socii sibi subvenirent
|
The Romans feareed that their allies would not help them.
Fearing clause w ut + subjunctive (translate ut as 'that...not' |
|
verebantur ne piratae se caperent
|
They feared that the pirates would capture them
Fearing clause w ne + subjunctive (se/suus refers to subjuct of main verb) |
|
pueri speluncam intrare timebant
|
The boys were afraid to enter the cave
Fearing using the present infinitive |
|
ubi domum rediero, statim cubitum ibo
|
When I return home, I shall go to bed immediately
Time clause. Indivative verb = pure time (no purpose or intention, as with subjunctive) |
|
consul, ut Curiam intravit, a patribus salutatus est
|
When the consult entered the Senate house, he was greeted by the senators
Time clause. Indivative verb = pure time (no purpose or intention, as with subjunctive) |
|
pueri, dum nantabant, delphinum spectabant
|
While the boys were swimming they were watching the dolphin
Time clause. Indivative verb = pure time (no purpose or intention, as with subjunctive) |
|
simulatque nos viderunt, fugerunt
|
As soon as they saw us, they fled
Time clause. Indivative verb = pure time (no purpose or intention, as with subjunctive) |
|
custodes portas clauserunt antequam hostes urbem ingrederentur
|
The guards closed the gates before the enemy could enter the city
Time clause w subjunctive = purpose or intent |
|
paucos moratus est dies dum se copiae ab Corcyra adsequerentur
|
He delayed a few days for the forces from Corcyra to catch (him) up
Time clause w subjunctive = purpose or intent |
|
lupus exspectabat dum dormitarent canes
|
The wolf was waiting for the dogs to doze off
Time clause w subjunctive = purpose or intent |
|
dum dormio, fur vestimental arripuit
|
While I was sleeping, the wolf stole my clothes
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
|
cum ludos videbo, laetus ero
|
When I see the games, I shall be happy
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
|
cum erum videro, eum salutabo
|
When I see him, I shall greet him
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
|
servi, cum dominum conspexerunt, strenue laborant
|
Whenever the slaves see their master, they work hard
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
|
quotiens eum cantatem audiveram, ridebam
|
Whenever I heard him singing, I used to laugh
Time clause (note tense difference Latin/English) |
|
iam pridem effugere conamur
|
We have been trying to escape for a long time (and we are still trying)
Time clause w iam = ongoing action |
|
iam diu effugere conabamur
|
We had been trying to escape for a long time (and we were still trying)
Time clause w iam diu = ongoing action |
|
non prius abibo quam tu vera dixeris
|
I shall not go away until you tell the truth
Time clause w priusquam (which is split. Antequam does this also) |
|
poeta tribus post diebus quam ex Graecia redierat mortuus est.
|
Three days after he (had) returned from Greece, the poet died.
Time clause w postquam (split up, especially when a definite interval of time is mentioned) |
|
si tu vales, ego gaudeo
|
If you are well, I am pleased
Conditional sentence w indicative |
|
si id fecit, erravit
|
If he did that, he made a mistake
Conditional sentence w indicative |
|
si falsa dicis, punieris
|
If you are lying, you will be punished
Conditional sentence w indicative |
|
si id feceris, poenas dabis
|
If you do that, you will be punished
Conditional sentence w indicative |
|
nisi celerius curremus, furem non capiemus
|
If we do not run faster, we shall not catch the thief
Conditional sentence w indicative |
|
si id dicas, erres
|
If you were to say that, you would be wrong
Conditional sentence w subjunctive. Present |
|
nisi canis latravisset, furem non cepissemus
|
If the dog had not barked, we would not have caught the thief
Conditional sentence w subjunctive. Pluperfect |
|
si rex essem, omnes me timerent
|
If I were king, all men would fear me
Conditional sentence w subjunctive. Imperfect |
|
si talia verba tibi dixissem, amici non essemus
|
If I had said that sort of thing to you, we should not (now) be friends
Conditional sentence w subjunctive, mixed tenses |
|
nisi anseres clangorem fecissent, arx capi potuit
|
If the geese had not cackled, the citadel could have been taken.
Conditional sentence w indicative AND subjunctive |
|
nos servare potest, si vellet
|
He could save us if he wanted to
Conditional sentence w indicative AND subjunctive |
|
si me revera amares, mihi parcere te oportuit
|
If you really loved me, you ought to have spare me
Conditional sentence w indicative AND subjunctive |
|
nisi ex Italia effugisset, puniendus fuit
|
If he had not escaped from Italy, he would have had to be punished
Conditional sentence w indicative AND subjunctive |
|
omnia faciam si forte viam salutis invenire possim
|
I'll make every effort to see if I can find a path to safety
Conditional sentence. si + present or imperfect subjunctive (often forte) can mean 'in case', 'in the hope that', or 'to see if' |
|
clamabant si quis se audiret
|
They kept shouting in the hope that someone would hear them
Conditional sentence. si + present or imperfect subjunctive (often forte) can mean 'in case', 'in the hope that', or 'to see if' |
|
acriter pugnatur
|
There is a fierce battle
Passive used impersonally |
|
tandem ad urbem perventum
|
At last the city was reached/At last they reached the city
Passive used impersonally |
|
hostibus ferociter resistebatur
|
Fierce resistance was offered to the enemy/The enemy were fiercely resisted
Passive used impersonally |
|
ad urbem concursum est
|
There was a rush to the city
Passive used impersonally |
|
nobis laborandum est
|
We must work
Passive used impersonally |
|
militibus imperatum est
|
The soldiers were ordered
Passive used impersonally |
|
hostibus a custodibus resistebatur
|
The enemy were resisted by the guards
Passive used impersonally |
|
tibi numquam credetur
|
You will never be believed
Passive used impersonally |
|
legibus a nobis parendum est
|
The laws must be obeyed by us
Passive used impersonally |
|
dicunt acriter pugnari
|
They say that a fierce battle is raging
Passive used impersonally |
|
scimus nobis laborandum esse
|
We know that we must work
|
|
pueri ad litus ad natandum descenderunt
|
The boys went down to the beach to swim
Gerund in the accusative case after 'ad', expressing purpose |
|
Libri ad studendum necessarii sunt
|
Books are necessary for studying
Gerund in the accusative case after 'ad', expressing purpose |
|
Pueri ad litus natandi causa descenderunt
|
The boys went down to the beach to swim.
Gerund in the genitive case with 'causa', expressing purpose |
|
puer artem natandi a fratre didicit
|
The boy learned the art of swimming from his brother.
Gerund in the genitive case, depending on a noun which governs the genitive |
|
mater pueri omnia cognoscendi avida erat
|
The boy's mother was eager to learn everything
Gerund in the genitive, depending on a noun or adjective which governs the genitive |
|
tempus redeundi est
|
It is time to return (for returning)
Gerund in the genitive, depending on a noun or adjective which governs the genitive |
|
omnes vivendo discimus
|
We all learn by living
Gerund in the ablative |
|
ad urbem capiendam milites misit
|
He sent soldiers to capture the city
Gerundive in the accusative case, after 'ad', expressing purpose |
|
ad equos emendos huc venerunt
|
They have come here to buy horses
Gerundive in the accusative case after 'ad' expressing purpose |
|
nautae navem reficiendam curaverunt
|
The sailors attended to the repair(ing) of the ship
Gerundive in the accusative case (governed by curare, suscipere and tradere) |
|
libri legendi causa
|
to read a book
Gerundive in the genitive, with causa, expressing purpose |
|
civium servandorum causa
|
to save the citizens
Gerundive in the genitive, with causa, expressing purpose |
|
ars epistolae scribendae
|
the art of writing a letter
Gerundive in the genitive, depending on another noun or an adjective which governs the genitive |
|
peritus belli gerendi
|
skilled in waging war
Gerundive in the genitive, depending on another noun or an adjective which governs the genitive |
|
iam tempus est discipuorum dimittendorum
|
Now it is time to dismiss the pupils
Gerundive in the genitive, depending on another noun or an adjective which governs the genitive |
|
de epistolis scribendis
|
about writing letters
Gerundive in the ablative case |
|
urbs defendenda est
|
The city must be (ought to be, should be) defended
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity |
|
moenia erant custodienda
|
The walls had to be guarded
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity |
|
vinum tibi non bibendum est
|
The wine must not be drunk by you
You must not drink the wine Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity. Note dative subject with impersonal neuter gerundives. |
|
surgendum mihi est
|
I ought to get up
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity. Note dative subject with impersonal neuter gerundives. |
|
mox nobis profiscendum erit
|
We will have to set out soon
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity. Note dative subject with impersonal neuter gerundives. |
|
militibus fortius est pugnandum
|
The soldiers must fight more bravely
Gerundive with esse, expressing obligation or necessity. Note dative subject with impersonal neuter gerundives. |
|
tantam pecuniam habeo quantam tu
|
I have as much money as you
tantus...quantus = correlatives |
|
talis erat qualen numquam antea videramus
|
The cloud was such as we had never seen before
talis...qualis = correlatives |
|
eandem fabulam mihi narravisti ac puer
|
You have told me the same story as the boy
= correlatives |
|
pirata mortem ita obiit ut vitam egerat
|
The pirate met death in the same way he had lived his life
= correlatives |
|
eo profectus est quo ceteri viatores
|
He set out for the place to which the other travellers (had gone)
He set out for the same place as the other travellers = correlatives |
|
tot captivi sunt in castris quot milites
|
There are as many prisoners in the camp as soldiers
= correlatives |
|
quo saepius urbem visito, eo magis ruri habitare malo
|
The more often I visit the city, the more I prefer to live in the country
= correlatives |