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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
amphipathic?
having polar and non polar sections in a molecule
Eicosanoids
20 carbon lipids including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

Act as local hormones
Basic Amino acids
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Acidic Amino Acids
Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid
Non-Polar Amino Acids
Valine
Isoleucine
Proline
Methionine
Alanine
Leucine
Tryptophan
PHenylalanine
Glycine
Polar Amino acids
All the rest!
LOCATION of disulfide bonds is _______ structure. The actual bond is ________ structure.
LOCATION of disulfide bonds is primary structure. The actual bond is secondary structure.
most abundant protein in the body?
collagen
Glucose heavily favors what form in aqueous solution?
the ring form
Starch and glycogen have _______ linkages.

Glycogen has ________ branch linkages

Cellulose has ________ linkages
Starch and glycogen have alpha 1,4 linkages.

Glycogen has alpha 1,6 branch linkages

Cellulose has beta 1,4 linkages
nucleoside?
five carbon sugar + nitrogenous base
Nucleotide?
five carbon sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
How do enzymes alter the equilibrium of a reaction?
they dont alter equilibrium, only rate
cofactors are either
minerals or coenzymes
zymogen
inactive form of an enzyme
Feedback inhibitor or activator that doesn't resemble and enzymes substrate binds to the enzyme and cause a conformational change. This is?
Allosteric regulation
________is the first stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

It occurs in the _____
Glycolysis is the first stage.

It occurs in the cytosol
Glycolysis breaks down ______ into __ molecules of _________.

__ total ATP are spent and ___ are created. The net products are?
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate.

2 ATP are spent and 4 total ATP are created. Net products: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
Fermentation
Glycolysis then pyruvate is quickly reduced to ethanol or lactic acid and NADH is oxidized back to NAD+

2 net ATP and NAD+ Goes back to the start of glycolysis
NADH and pyruvate pass through the outer membrane into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria via
facilitated diffusion
Pyruvate passes thorugh the intermembrane and into the mitochondrial matrix via ?

NADH?
pyruvate via facilitated diffusion

NADH may require ATP
Once in the matrix, pyruvate is converted into _____ which enters the ________
Acetyl CoA enters the Kreb's cycle
Each turn of the krebs cycle produces
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
Conversion of ADP into ATP is known as __________.
substrate level phosphorylation
NADH -> ETC -> ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
Aerobic respiration produces ____ net ATP (includes glycolysis).
36 net ATP
1 NADH = _____ ATP

1 FADH2 = _____ ATP
1 NADH = 2 to 3 ATP

1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
As electrons are passed along the ETC, the __________ propels protons through _______ to manufacture ATP
proton motive force

ATP synthase
Chemical Equation for respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H2O
DNA bases
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
pyrimidines? how many rings?
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

1 ring
purines? how many rings?
guanine, adenine

2 rings
Since the formation of one strand is continuous and the other is fragmented, the process of DNA replication is said to be
semidiscontinuous
What carbon on RNA contains the hydroxyl group
Carbon 2
In animals, DNA can only be present in

RNA can exist in the same places as DNA plus in the
the nucleous and the mitrochondrial matrix

cytosol
Transcription is faster or slower than DNA replication? More or less errors?
slower and more errors
Enzyme-RNA complexes called _____ recognize nucleotide sequences at the ends of introns and associate to form a spliceosome
snRNPs ("snurps")
cDNA
DNA that has been reverse transcriptased. No introns
Southern botting
identifies DNA sequences via hybridization
Northern blotting
identifies RNA sequences via hybridization
Electrophoresis uses and electrolytic cell. The anode is ____ charged and the cathode is_____. DNA will migrate to the ______
The anode is positively charged and the cathode is negative. DNA will migrate to the anode.
RFLP?
Identifies individuals via restriction sites.

Identifies individual not genes
Start codon?
5AUG3

Amino acid = methionine = met
Stop codons?
5UAA3
5UAG3
5UGA3
growing polypeptide is attached to the tRNA in the
P-site
Eight histones wrapped in DNA form a
nucleosome
the basicity of histones gives them a ______ charge at normal pH
net positive
G1
Gap 1:
produces new organelles and proteins. Normally the longest stage.
S
Organelles and proteins are produced more slowly. DNA is replicated.
G2
Gap 2:
Organelles and protein are produced.
G2 checkpoint checks for
MPF. If MPF is high the cell divides
Prophase
characterized by condensation of chromatin into chromosomes. nuclear membrane breaks down. centrioles move. spindle apparatus forms.
anaphase
sister cromatids split
telphase
nuclear membrane reforms. chromosomes decondense
spermatogonium?

primary spermatocyte?

secondary spermatocyte?

spermatids?
diploid unreplicated

diploid replicated

haploid replicated

haploid unreplicated
Oogonium?

Primary Oocyte?

Secondary Oocyte?

Zygote?
diploid unreplicated

diploid replicated

haploid unreplicated

diploid
female eggs are arrested in _____ until puberty
prophase 1 in meiosis = primary oocyte
meiosis 1 is aka
reduction division -> reduces ploidy
what amino acid is not optically active
glycine
the nucleolous produces
rRNA
GTP is produced in?
krebs
imino acid?
proline the helix buster