Exam3

Front 1

Paleoclimatology

Back 1

The study of earth's past climates is the science of paleoclimatology.

Front 2

Proxy method

Back 2

Scientists use proxy methods instead of direct measurement to learn about past climates! Climate proxy is a piece of information from the natural environment that can be used to reconstruct climates that extend back further than our present instrumentation allows.

Front 3

Dendrochronology

Back 3

Is the method that use to date of tree rings and it is a study of past climate using tree rings is dendroclimatology

Front 4

Solar cycle

Back 4

It is 24th solar cycle since 1755 when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began.

Front 5

Sunspots

Back 5

Sunspots varies over an 11 years solar cycle, when sunspot abundance is high, solar activity and output increase and when it is low the opposite is happening.

Front 6

Milankovitch cycle

Back 6

The study of the earth's orbit around the sun and its rotation on its axis and its tilt and that is related to climate pattern and change.

Eccentricity

Tilt

Precession

Front 7

Eccentricity

Back 7

Earth's elliptical orbit about the sun, known as orbital eccentricity and is not constant - it is the quality of being eccentric.

Front 8

Tilt changes

Back 8

Earth's axial tilt - obliquity!! From 21.5 to 24.5

Front 9

Pangea

Back 9

Was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic area! It formed 300 million years ago and began to break apart after about 20 million years.

Front 10

Geologic time

Back 10

Is a summary timeline of all earth history. Scale breaks up to the last 6.4 billion years into eons, eras, period and epochs.

Front 11

Isostasy

Back 11

Is the state of gravitational equilibrium between earth's crust and mantle.

Front 12

Isostatic rebound

Back 12

Is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheet during the last glacial period.

Front 13

Igneous rock

Back 13

Is one that solidifies and crystallizes from a molten state!! From magma !!

Front 14

Sedimentary rock

Back 14

Involves lithification processes of cementation, compaction and hardening of sediments.

Front 15

Plate tectonics

Back 15

A theory that explains the structure of earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that moves slowly over the underlying mantle.

Front 16

Continental drift

Back 16

The crust must be a shell that can break and shift by the movement of fluid below.

Front 17

Subduction

Back 17

Side of plate diving or dragged beneath another into the mantle.

Front 18

Plate boundaries

Back 18

The boundaries where plates meet clearly are dynamic places although slow moving within human time frames/

Front 19

Hot spot

Back 19

Site provides geothermal power!! Small area with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surrounding.

Front 20

Earth's hyposmetry

Back 20

See level

Curve of the earth's surface area and elevation as related to mean see level

Front 21

Continental shields

Back 21

Is region where a craton is exposed at the surface.

Front 22

Asthenoaphere

Back 22

The upper layer of the earth's mantle , below the lithosphere!!

Front 23

Lithosphere

Back 23

The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle

Front 24

Terranes

Back 24

Small slow crustal pieces migrating and become attached to plates called Terranes!!

Front 25

Terranes

Back 25

Small slow crustal pieces migrating and become attached to plates called Terranes!!

Front 26

Folding

Back 26

Convergent plates boundaries intensely compress rocks, deforming them in a process known folding

Front 27

Terranes

Back 27

Small slow crustal pieces migrating and become attached to plates called Terranes!!

Front 28

Folding

Back 28

Convergent plates boundaries intensely compress rocks, deforming them in a process known folding

Front 29

Anticline

Back 29

Along the ridge of fold, layer slope downward away from the axis/

Front 30

Terranes

Back 30

Small slow crustal pieces migrating and become attached to plates called Terranes!!

Front 31

Folding

Back 31

Convergent plates boundaries intensely compress rocks, deforming them in a process known folding

Front 32

Anticline

Back 32

Along the ridge of fold, layer slope downward away from the axis/

Front 33

Syncline

Back 33

In the trough of a fold, layers slope downward toward the axis

Front 34

Terranes

Back 34

Small slow crustal pieces migrating and become attached to plates called Terranes!!

Front 35

Folding

Back 35

Convergent plates boundaries intensely compress rocks, deforming them in a process known folding

Front 36

Anticline

Back 36

Along the ridge of fold, layer slope downward away from the axis/

Front 37

Syncline

Back 37

In the trough of a fold, layers slope downward toward the axis

Front 38

Faulting

Back 38

Rocks on either side of the fracture displace relative to the other side .

Front 39

Terranes

Back 39

Small slow crustal pieces migrating and become attached to plates called Terranes!!

Front 40

Folding

Back 40

Convergent plates boundaries intensely compress rocks, deforming them in a process known folding

Front 41

Anticline

Back 41

Along the ridge of fold, layer slope downward away from the axis/

Front 42

Syncline

Back 42

In the trough of a fold, layers slope downward toward the axis

Front 43

Faulting

Back 43

Rocks on either side of the fracture displace relative to the other side .

Front 44

Orogenesis

Back 44

Means the birth of mountains

Orogeny is a mountain building episode occurring over million of years.

Front 45

Earthquake

Back 45

Sharp released of energy at moment of fracture.

Front 46

Earthquake

Back 46

Sharp released of energy at moment of fracture.

Front 47

Epicenter

Back 47

The area directly below focus!

Front 48

Earthquake

Back 48

Sharp released of energy at moment of fracture.

Front 49

Epicenter

Back 49

The area directly below focus!

Front 50

Focus or hypocenter

Back 50

Subsurface area where seismic waves are initiated

Front 51

Shock waves

Back 51

Radiate outward through crust from epicenter!!

Front 52

Foreshock

Back 52

A quake that precedes the main shock

Front 53

Aftershock

Back 53

A quake that occurs after main shock.

Front 54

P- waves

Back 54

Primary waves, fastest moving and expansion and contraction.

Front 55

P- waves

Back 55

Primary waves, fastest moving and expansion and contraction.

Front 56

S-waves

Back 56

Secondary- slow move

Side to side and up and down motion.

Front 57

Seismographs

Back 57

An instrument that measure and records details of earthquakes such as force and duration.

Front 58

Volcano

Back 58

Mountain/ hill where magma is able to emerge from beneath surface as lava.

Front 59

Cinder cone

Back 59

Small cone, shaped hill less than 240 m high and truncated top. Small and short eruption

Front 60

Caldera

Back 60

Large basin shaped depression, volcanic mountain collapses inward after eruption.

May fill with rain water and eruption are rare.

Front 61

Effusive eruptions

Back 61

Gghh

Front 62

Effusive eruptions

Back 62

Gghh

Front 63

Shield volcano

Back 63

Large and flat volcano

Lava accumulates on surface

Front 64

Effusive eruptions

Back 64

Outpouring of lava onto the ground