Human Physiology Exam 1

Front 1

Water

Back 1

Polar molecule, good solvent, can form strong hydrogen bonds

Front 2

Hydrophilic

Back 2

Polar molecules (covalent bonds) may dissolve in water

Front 3

Hydrophobic

Back 3

Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water

Front 4

Hydrogen bond Q1

Back 4

Weak bond formed between two polar molecules based on opposite charging attracting

Front 5

Hydrogen bond Q2

Back 5

Forms between electropositive H atoms and electronegative O or N atoms

Front 6

hydrogen bond Q3

Back 6

Forms between water molecules; responsible for surface tension and capillarity

Front 7

hydrogen bond Q4

Back 7

Forms between amino acids on a protein to produce the 3D structure of the protein

Front 8

hydrogen bond Q5

Back 8

Holds the two strands of the DNA molecule together.

Front 9

Buffers Q1

Back 9

_________ stabilize pH in a solution

Front 10

What are the 2 components of buffers?

Back 10

Weak acid & Weak base

Front 11

Buffers in blood, two molecules stabilize pH

Back 11

bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3).

Front 12

Bicarbonate neutralizes excess _______

Back 12

acid

Front 13

Carbonic acid neutralizes excess ______

Back 13

base

Front 14

Normal pH range

Back 14

7.35 - 7.45

Front 15

Acidosis pH?

Back 15

< 7.35

Front 16

Alkalosis pH?

Back 16

> 7.45

Front 17

if blood falls below pH 7.35, the condition is called ________

Back 17

acidosis

Front 18

if blood rises above pH 7.45, the condition is called _________

Back 18

alkalosis

Front 19

Back 19

Carbonyl (CO)

Note:

The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule

Front 20

Back 20

Hydroxyl (OH)

Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule

Front 21

Back 21

Sulfhydryl (SH)

Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule

Front 22

Back 22

Amino (NH2)

Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule

Front 23

Back 23

Carboxyl (COOH)

Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule

Front 24

Back 24

Phosphate (H2PO4)
Note:The hydrocarbon chain or ring of many organic molecules provides a relatively inactive molecular "backbone" to which more reactive groups of atoms are attached. known as functional groups usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. they are largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule

Front 25

Back 25

Ketone

Notes: Classes of organic molecules can be named according to their functional groups. ketones, for example, have a carbonyl group within the carbon chain.

Front 26

Back 26

Organic acid

Notes: all organic acids (acetic acid, citric acids, lactic acid, and others) have a carboxyl group.

Front 27

Back 27

Aldehyde

Notes: an organic compound containing the group —CHO, formed by the oxidation of alcohols.

Front 28

Back 28

Alcohol

Notes: an organic molecule is an alcohol if it has a hydroxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon chain.

Front 29

Carbohydrates Q1

Back 29

Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Front 30

Carbohydrates Q2

Back 30

serve as a major source of energy in the body

Front 31

Carbohydrates Q3

Back 31

includes sugars and starches

Front 32

-ose suffix

Back 32

sugars

Front 33

Monosaccharide

Back 33

simple sugar, one carbon ring

1) Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

2) Formula is C6H12O6 – structural isomers

Front 34

Disaccharide

Back 34

two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond; examples: sucrose, maltose, lactose

Front 35

Back 35

Glucose

Note:

These are Glucose, Galactose and fructose

All three have the same ratio of atoms C6H12O6 but arranged in slightly different ways.

Front 36

Back 36

Galactose

Note:

These are Glucose, Galactose and

fructose

All three have the same ratio of atoms C6H12O6

but arranged in slightly different ways.

Front 37

Back 37

Fructose

Note:

These are Glucose, Galactose and

fructose

All three have the same ratio of atoms C6H12O6 but arranged in slightly different ways.

Front 38

Polysaccharide

Back 38

several monosaccharides (generally glucose) joined together

Front 39

Starch

Back 39

plant storage of sugar; composed of thousands of glucose molecules

Front 40

Glycogen

Back 40

sugar storage in an animal cell; glycogen does not pull in water via osmosis as simple sugars do.

Front 41

Cellulose

Back 41

makes up cell walls of plants; cellulose is not digestible by humans.

Front 42

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Q1

Back 42

Covalent bonds that hold monosaccharides together are formed via dehydration synthesis where a hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule, and a hydroxyl group is removed from another to form water.

Front 43

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Q2

Back 43

Hydrolysis breaks bonds between monosaccharides; add water and split the molecule

Front 44

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Q3

Back 44

These processes are also used to build/break fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Front 45

Dehydration synthesis of disaccarides

Back 45

Front 46

Dehydration synthesis of disaccarides

Back 46

Front 47

The hydrolysis of starch

Note: the polysaccharide is first hydrolyzed into disaccharides (maltose)

Back 47

Disaccharides (maltose)

Front 48

Disaccharides (maltose) into monosaccharides (glucose)

Back 48

Monosaccharides

(glucose)

Front 49

Lipids

Back 49

Lipids consist of nonpolar hydrocarbon chains and rings that makes them hydrophobic (insoluble in water).

Front 50

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Q1

Back 50

Include fats (solids) and oils (liquids)

Front 51

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Q2

Back 51

Composed of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids

Front 52

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Q3

Back 52

1)Glycerol is a 3-carbon alcohol

2)Fatty acid – long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with a carbonyl (COOH) at one endIf every carbon on the fatty acid chain shares a single pair, the fatty acid is saturated.If there are double bonds between carbons, the fatty acid is unsaturated.

Front 53

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) Q4

Back 53

Also called neutral fats when stored in adipose tissue

Front 54

A saturated fatty acid

Back 54

Palmitic acid
Notes: If the carbon atoms within the hydrocarbon chain joined by single covalent bonds so that each carbon atoms can also bond with 2 hydrogen atoms, the fatty acid is said to be saturated.

Front 55

an unsaturated fatty acid

Back 55

Linolenic acid
Notes: If there are a number of double covalent bonds within the hydrocarbon chain so that each carbon atom can bound with only 1 hydrogen atom, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated.

Front 56

Back 56

A) Oleic Acid

B) Cis double bond

Notes: Oleic acid is naturally occurring fatty acid with one double bond. notice that both hydrogen atoms (yellow) on the carbons that share this double bond are on the same side of molecule this called the cis configuration. the cis configuration make s this naturally occurring fatty acid bend.

Front 57

Back 57

A) Elaidic Acid

B) Trans double bond

Notes: Elaidic acid is the same size as Oleic acid and also has a double bond, but its hydrogens here are on opposite sides of the molecule, known as the trans configuration. this make the fatty acid stay straight more like a saturated fatty acid.

Front 58

Ketone Bodies Q1

Back 58

Hydrolysis of triglycerides forms free fatty acids in the blood. These can be used for energy or converted into ketone bodies by the liver.

Front 59

Ketone Bodies Q2

Back 59

Strict low-carbohydrate diets and uncontrolled diabetes can result in elevated ketone levels, called ketosis.

Front 60

Ketone Bodies Q3

Back 60

Ketone levels high enough to lower pH can cause ketoacidosis, which can lead to coma and death.

Front 61

Back 61

1)These include four carbon long acidic molecules (acetoacetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid) and acetone.

2)Acetoacetic acid, an acidic ketone body, can spontaneously decarboxylate (lose carbondioxide) to form acetone. Acetone is a volatile ketone body that escapes in the exhaled breath, thereby lending a "fruity" smell to the breath of people with ketosis.

Front 62

Phospholipids Q1

Back 62

Lipids with a phosphate group, which makes them polar.

Front 63

Phospholipids Q2

Back 63

Major component of cell membranes as a double layer, with hydrophilic phosphates pointing outward on each side and hydrophobic fatty acids and glycerol pointing inward.

Front 64

Phospholipids Q3

Back 64

As micelles, phospholipids can act as surfactants. The polar nature of the molecule decreases the surface tension of water.

Note: Surfactant keeps lungs from collapsing.