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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kinetic Energy |
Energy of movement. -Heat: energy of randomly moving particles. -Mechanical: Work performed by moving matter. |
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Potential Energy |
Stored Energy. -Chemical Energy: energy STORED in bonds. |
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Thermodynamics |
Governs all activities of the universe, from cells to the stars. Biological Systems = OPEN systems, exchange energy with surroundings. 2 laws |
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1st Law of Thermodynamics |
Energy can not be created nor destroyed,although it can change form – i.e. conversion between matter and energy
- Total amount of energy within a givensystem remains fixed - Organisms must capture energy from theenvironment & transform it to a usable form |
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
When energy is converted from one form toanother some energy is converted into heat
-Heat energy can’t do work thereforeavailable work energy decreases over time • Unless energy is added the systemwill move toward disorder |
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Entropy |
Disorder & randomness within a system. Organized usable energy has low entropy. Disorganized energy (heat) has high entropy. |
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Heat |
Biproduct of every biological transaction. -Not ever 100% efficient. -Kinetic energy of randomly moving particles. -Energy conversion |
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Chemical Reaction |
Forms or breaks chemical bonds between atoms |
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Metabolism |
Sum of all chemical activities within an organism. |
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Enthalpy |
Total Potential Energy of a system. |
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Exergonic Reaction |
Energy leaves: reactants contain more energy than product. ex. chemical breakdown of glucose. Sun |
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Endergonic Reaction |
Gaining Energy: Products contains more energy than reactants. ex. movement, brain activity, etc. Photosynthesis: |
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ATP |
Energy Carrier: short term, unstable. Donates (exergonic) Phosphate through hydrolysis. Contains: Adenine, Ribose Sugar, Phosphate. ADP also carries low energy |
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Phosphrylation Reaction |
Phosphate group is transferred to another compound. Glucose ---> Glucose-p |
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Oxidation |
Substance loses electrons. Gains O, loses H and electrons. |
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Reduction |
Substance gains electrons. Loses o, gains H and electrons. |
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Electron Acceptor Molecules |
NAD+ (reduced) to NADH– Animals
• NADP+ (reduced) to NADPH– Photosynthesis • FAD (reduced) to FADH2 |
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Catalyst |
Molecules that speed up reaction rates without themselves getting used up or altered. Reduces activation energy. EX. Enzymes (biological catalysts) |
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Coenzyme |
Organic cofactor (other than polypeptides) that Facilitate the work of enzymes by binding with them. -Carrier molecules, vitamins --> coenzymes, located in active site. |
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Factors that effect Enzyme Activity: |
PH, Temperature, co-factors, substrate concentration. |
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Enzyme Temperature |
Rates increases as temp increases. High temp enzymes denature. |
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Enzyme PH |
Active over narrow PH, 6-8. Too acidic and/or Basic changes electrical charge. |
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Metabolic Pathway |
Sequence of chem. reactions within a organism. ex. Photosynthesis, respiration. |
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Enzyme Activity Controls |
1. Enzyme must be available for reaction to occur. 2. Synthesize inactive forms & activate when needed. ex. pepsin (stomach) |
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Cells inhibit enzymes when: |
Adequate amounts of product are available. FEEDBACK INHIBITORS |
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Allosteric Regulation |
-Active site changes shape, and enzyme is either enhanced or inhibited. -mechanism of feedback inhibitors. |
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Noncompetitive Inhibition |
Inhibitor binds with enzyme at location other than the active site. Changes shape, and inactivates enzyme. |
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Competitive Inhibition |
Inhibitor competes with normal substrate for active site. |
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Irreversible Inhibition |
Permanently inactivates/destroys enzymes. Ex. Poisin & Toxin. Nerve gas |
