Exam Definitions

Front 1

A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food,safe

drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter,education, and information. Absolute poverty maydepend not only on income but also on access to services.

Back 1

The experience of feeling left out or being on the outside. People who choose one strong loyaltyover another risk alienation from an important partof their identity and from sharing in the collective consciousness of their group.

Front 2

Giving in to demands. A foreign policy practised by Britain and the United States when theygranted Hitler concessions in an effort to avoid WorldWar II.

Back 2

The concept that all Canadian provinces and territories may not share power with the federal government in the same way.

Front 3

Agreements between two countries towork toward resolving issues that concern both countries.

Back 3

A nation created by people — no matter what their ethnicity, culture, and language — who agreeto live according to particular values and beliefs expressed as the rule of law.

Front 4

An internal consciousness, or awareness, shared by many people. It may be based on a shared memory of and pride in specific events, which become myths and symbols of belonging.

Back 4

The condition of protecting all members of a group or collective from danger. The United Nations tries to ensure the collective security of all member states.

Front 5

The cultural inheritance from the past that all people share and that is preserved in world heritage sites, traditional skills and knowledge,and the arts.

Back 5

Compulsory military service. In Canada during World Wars I and II, the policy was controversial, especially among Francophones in Québec.

Front 6

Loyalties that compete. Peoplesometimes need to choose among various loyalties based on their commitment to those loyalties.

Back 6

Borrowing, adopting, and adapting values from many cultures.

Front 7

Widespread or systematic attacks against a civilian population, including murder,extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment,torture, rape or sexual slavery, enforced disappearance of persons, and the crime of apartheid.

Back 7

A belief or doctrine that holds that collectives should be encouraged to affirm and promote their unique cultural identity in a diverse society.

Front 8

The process that occurs in a former colony when an imperial power withdraws. Decolonizedcountries can exercise sovereignty under international law and can join the United Nations.

Back 8

A plan of action that guides a government’s decisions about what to do within a country. In Canada, domestic policy decisions may include changing federal laws, settling Aboriginal landclaims, and spending tax revenues.

Front 9

People who believe that acountry’s businesses and industries should be protected against foreign interests.

Back 9

The action of cutting off trade with a country in an effort to force it to follow a particular course of action.

Front 10

An area of the earth’s surface that represents a large ecological zone and has characteristic landforms and climate.

Back 10

Revenues from federal taxes that are paid by the Canadian government to less prosperous provinces to ensure that public services are more or less equally available to all Canadians.

Front 11

Racial, cultural, or linguistic characteristics. Many nations come into being because people share a collective identity based on ethnic characteristics.

Back 11

A term that is used to make more socially acceptable the murder or expulsion of an ethnic nation from a territory.

Front 12

Nationalism that is founded onshared ethnicity, culture, and language. People who share these traits may choose to create a nation-state based ontheir collective identity.

Back 12

People who support a federal system of gov't. In Canada, people who oppose Québec sovereignty and believe that Québec should remain a Canadian province, ensuring its place in Confederation.

Front 13

A plan of action that guides a government’s decisions about its official relations with other countries. Also called foreign affairs or external relations.

Back 13

The killing of members of a national,ethnic, racial, or religious group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; and deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of lifecalculated to bring about its physical destruction.

Front 14

The value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year.

Back 14

The total value of the goods and services produced by a country in a year, whether inside or outside the country’s borders.

Front 15

The English term used to describe the genocide of about six million Jews by the Nazis duringWorld War II.

Back 15

A rise in prices accompanied by a drop in the purchasing power of money. Increases in the price ofgoods and services can threaten the economic security and interests of people in a region or country.

Front 16

The right to self-determination that exists for Aboriginal peoples in Canada because they occupied the land and governed themselves for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in North America.

Back 16

An organization established for and united by a specific purpose. Institutions provide services such as social assistance, education, and cultural events. They also often use national symbols and stories to define their identity and promote a sense of belonging.

Front 17

Between countries or nation-states.Nation-states may co-operate with one another to promote peace and security, trade, health, human rights,and the protection of endangered peoples and cultures.

Back 17

The doctrine that all members of the global community accept collective responsibility for the challenges that face the world and that the motives of nations and nation-states must be respected in the search for solutions.

Front 18

A policy whereby a country completely opts out of participating in international social,economic, political, and military affairs.

Back 18

A belief, doctrine, or policy that embraces the idea of ethnic or cultural diversity and promotes a culturally pluralistic society.

Front 19

A policy that involves several countries working together to meet challenges and solve problems. The United Nations is multilateral in nature.

Back 19

The interests of the people ofa nation. National interest may include economic prosperity, security and safety, and beliefs and values.

Front 20

A country that has physical borders and a single government. Nation-states may be based on ethnic nationalism or civic nationalism or a combination of the two.

Back 20

A loyalty that is not embedded in the idea of nation. People may be loyal to and identify with family, friends, a region, an idea, a collective or agroup, a way of life, and a culture.

Front 21

A debt that is incurred by a despoticpower, not to meet the needs of the people of the countrybut to strengthen the despotic regime.

Back 21

Transferred from the control of the British gov't to that of the Canadian government. The patriated Canadian Constitution of 1982 gave the provinces more rights and powers than they had under the British North America Act of 1867.

Front 22

Love of country and an interest in its wellbeing. A sense of loyalty that may be expressed in variousways.

Back 22

Armed forces who maintain peace by keeping enemies apart until a crisis can be resolved through diplomacy and negotiation.

Front 23

Allowing armed forces that wereoriginally sent to maintain peace in a region of conflict touse force for reasons other than self-defence.

Back 23

A belief or doctrine that a society should reflect an inclusive approach that encourages diversity. It assumes that diversity is beneficial and that diverse groups, whether these are cultural, religious, spiritual,ideological, gender, linguistic, environmental, orphilosophical, should enjoy autonomy.

Front 24

A plan of action that has been deliberately chosen to guide or influence future decisions.

Back 24

Information and ideas that are spread to achieve a specific goal. Extreme nationalists may use misleading and dishonest information to create fear and insecurity and to persuade people to behave in certain ways.

Front 25

A legal and constitutional concept that requires Canadian public institutions to adapt to the religious and cultural practices of minoritiesas long as these practices do not violate constitutional rights and freedoms.

Back 25

An act of resolving differences andrepairing relationships that enables people to come to terms with past injustices and to coexist in peace.

Front 26

A government that answers to the people rather than to colonial governors. The concept was introduced in Canada by Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin in the 1840s.

Back 26

A doctrine that says the United Nations must protect people within a state when that state violates or fails to uphold the rights and welfare of its own citizens.

Front 27

The art of shaping language to influence thethoughts and actions of an audience.

Back 27

An independent public inquiry established by governments to examine complicated issues, hear testimony from people involved, and recommend ways of achieving a resolution.

Front 28

The forced separation of racial groups.Extreme loyalty to one racial group can lead to separateschools and living areas for racial minorities andeventually to ultranationalism and persecution of those minorities.

Back 28

The power to control one’s own affairs. National self-determination is the power of people within a nation-state or nation to make their own decisions about what is in their interest.

Front 29

In Canada, people who support the idea of Québec’s becoming an independent nation-state that can control its own destiny.

Back 29

The political authority to control one’sown affairs. Sovereignty may be distinguished from, andcan sometimes conflict with, self-determination, which is a people’s right to control their own affairs.

Front 30

A country created from a previousstate. By international law, the people who lived in the predecessor state have a right to nationality in the successor state or to choose their nationality if the predecessor state is divided into more than one state.

Back 30

A policy by which countries agreeto abide by the decisions of an international organization made up of independent appointed officials or representatives elected by member states.

Front 31

Help that is given with strings attached. These strings may include agreements that the country receivingthe aid will buy goods and services only from the countryor organization supplying the aid.

Back 31

The theory that when people in developed countries have more money to spend,they will buy goods and services offered by businesses in less developed countries and that this spending will eventually help strengthen economies in the developingworld.

Front 32

An extreme form of nationalism. Ultranationalists are often fanatically loyal to their own nation and hostile and racist toward other nations.

Back 32

The policy of a country responding to events on its own without agreements with, or supportfrom, other countries.

Front 33

The separation of like mindedpeople into isolated groups that are hostile to people whose values differ from their own. This separation may result in a loss of shared experiences and values and can harm the structure of democratic societies.

Back 33

Wilful killing, torture, or inhumantreatment; wilfully causing great suffering; and intentionally directing attacks against a civilian population or against those who are involved in a humanitarian or peacekeeping mission.