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5 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the role of insulin in different metabolic pathways?
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In Myocyte or Adipocyte: GLUT4 (glucose transporter #4) is activated by insulin to update glucose from the blood into the cell. These transporters will go back into their vessicle to wait for more insulin to tell them what to do.
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Explain the mechanism of insulin secretion from the pancreas
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Glucose --> GLUT2 transporter on B cells --> glucose undergoes glycolysis --> ATP --> close the ATP gated K+ channels in the plasma membrane --> depolarization opens Ca2+ channels in membrane --> influx of Ca2+ triggers release of insulin from B cells
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Understand what glycosylation of hemoglobin means and how one can interpret the percentage HbA1C
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Glycosylation of hemoglobin results in the formation of hemoglobin A1c. The rate of formation is proportional to the average blood glucose concentration over 3 months.
This is used to test if patients are complying with medication / lifestyle recommendations 6% HbA1c corresponds to 126mg/dL and is the cut off level. Below 6%, blood glucose levels are ok, over 6% indicate poorly controlled diabetes. Normal is between 5-5.5% Each 1% over 6% adds about 30 mg/dL |
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Understand the relationship between type I and ketoacidosis
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Diabetes I must be regulated by insulin. It is diagnosed when B cell is working but cannot produce insulin.
If diabetes is untreated in diabetes I, acetyl-CoA will try to make up for the lack of glucose in the blood by producing ketone bodies. Too many ketone bodies = ketoacidosis which is a lowering of the body pH. This must be treated by IV with regular insulin in a hospital. |
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Understand different types of diabetes and their treatments
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Diabetes I – Regular insulin shots (IV or sub q.) are required to live.
Diabetes II – pancreas produces insulin but myocytes and adipocytes do not respond adequately to the insulin hormone. i. Possible to control with exercise and healthy diet. ii. Treat with oral medication therapy Type IV (gestational) Diabetes – Related to pregnancy. Plasma fatty acid levels are elevated and make muscle cells resistant to insulin. Typically goes away with exercise and diet after baby is born, but can become Diabetes II. |
