Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Parts of scrotum
|
1. spermatic cord
a. pampiniform plexus: network of veins that helps cool arterial blood 2. cremaster muscle: strips of internal oblique muscle that help regulate testicular temperature 3. dartos muscle (tunica dartos): subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle that helps regulate testicular temperature |
|
coverings
|
a. tunica vaginalis: saclike extension of the peritoneum
b. tunica albuginea: white fibrous capsule of testis itself |
|
seminiferous tubules
|
site of sperm production
a. germ cells: in process of becoming sperm b. sustentacular (Sertoli) cells: promote sperm development, form blood-testis barrier |
|
interstitial (Leydig) cells
|
produce testosterone
|
|
rete testis
|
carry sperm out of seminiferous tubules
|
|
dartos muscle (tunica dartos):
|
subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle that helps regulate testicular temperature
|
|
spermatic cord
|
a. pampiniform plexus: network of veins that helps cool arterial blood
|
|
cremaster muscle
|
strips of internal oblique muscle that help regulate testicular temperature
|
|
Pathway of sperm
|
seminiferous tubules --> rete testis --> efferent ductules --> duct of the epididymis --> ductus (vas) deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> urethra
|
|
Accessory glands
|
1. seminal vesicles:
2. prostate gland: secrete 30% of fluid in semen 3. bulbourethral (Cowper) glands: |
|
seminal vesicles:
|
secrete 60% of fluid in semen, plus
a. fructose, to supply energy for sperm motility b. fibrinogen, to cause semen to clot after ejaculation c. prostaglandins, which stimulate peristaltic contractions of female reproductive tract, and reduce viscosity of cervical mucus |
|
prostate gland
|
secrete 30% of fluid in semen
|
|
bulbourethral (Cowper)
|
secrete alkaline fluid prior to ejaculation
|
|
Parts of penis
|
1. erectile tissues
2. root = 3. shaft 4. glans = |
|
erectile tissues
|
: contain blood sinuses called lacunae
a. corpus spongiosum: encloses penile urethra b. corpus cavernosum: on dorsal side of penis, surrounded by tunica albuginea |
|
root
|
internal part of penis
|
|
glans
|
external tip (covered by prepuce, or foreskin)
|
|
Male sexual response
1st stage |
1. excitement: caused by efferent parasympathetic signals
a. deep artery of penis dilates, trabecular muscles of erectile tissues relax --> engorgement of erectile tissues --> erection b. bulbourethral gland secretion |
|
hypothalamus begins producing GnRH --> anterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins (FSH and LH) -->
|
a. LH --> testosterone secretion from interstitial cells
b. FSH --> ABP secretion from sustentacular cells |
|
effects of testosterone
|
a. testosterone and ABP stimulate spermatogenesis
b. development of secondary sex characteristics c. development of reproductive ducts and accessory glands d. growth hormone secretion e. erythropoiesis f. sex drive |
|
Spermatogenesis
|
primordial germ cells --> spermatogonia (diploid, multiply by mitosis) --> primary spermatocytes (diploid, undergo meiosis, genetic makeup changed through crossing over) --> secondary spermatocytes (haploid, undergo meiosis) --> spermatids (haploid, undergo spermiogenesis) --> spermatozoa
|
|
Parts of spermatozoon
1. head |
a. acrosome: contains enzymes used to penetrate egg
b. nucleus: contains DNA |
|
Parts of spermatozoon
2. tail |
a. midpiece: contains mitochondria
b. principal piece c. endpiece |
|
Parts of ovaries
coverings |
a. tunica albuginea: white fibrous capsule of ovary
|
|
Parts of ovaries
cortex |
site of germ cell production
a. follicles |
|
Parts of ovaries
medulla |
contains major arteries, veins
|
|
Parts of ovaries
|
ovarian artery, vein, nerves
|
|
Parts of uterine tubes (oviducts, fallopian tubes)
|
Eggs moved by ciliated cells and smooth muscle contraction, nourished by secretory cells.
1. infundibulum = distal (ovarian) end a. fimbriae: feathery projections 2. ampulla = middle part 3. isthmus = end near uterus |
|
Parts of uterus
|
1. fundus = broad superior curvature
2. body = midportion 3. cervix = cylindrical inferior end |
|
Layers of uterine wall
|
. perimetrium = external serosa
2. myometrium = middle muscular layer 3. endometrium = inner mucosa = simple columnar epithelium a. stratum functionalis: shed in each menstrual period b. stratum basalis: retained in each menstrual period |
|
Vagina
|
birth canal
|
|
Vulva
|
external genitalia = pudendum
|
|
mons pubis
|
mound of adipose tissue over the pubic symphysis
|
|
labia majora
|
outer, thicker lips
|
|
labia minora
|
inner, thinner lips
|
|
vestibule
|
area enclosed by labia
|
|
clitoris
|
erectile tissue
|
|
greater vestibular (Bartholin) gland
|
supplies lubrication during intercourse
|
|
Female sexual response
1ST STAGE |
1. excitement
a. uterus stands more vertically = tenting effect b. vaginal transudate secreted |
|
hypothalamus begins producing GnRH --> anterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins (FSH and LH) --> development of ovarian follicles
|
estrogen, progesterone secretion
|
|
effects of estrogens
|
a. metaplasia of vagina
b. stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs c. stimulates growth hormone secretion d. stimulates female fat deposition pattern |
|
effects of progesterone
|
. prepares uterus for pregnancy
|
|
Climacteric and menopause
|
(= cessation of menstruation)
fewer remaining ovarian follicles with aging --> less estrogens and progesterone secreted --> uterus, vagina, and breasts atrophy |
|
Oogenesis
|
primordial germ cells --> oogonia (diploid, multiply by mitosis) --> primary oocytes (diploid, undergo meiosis, genetic makeup changed through crossing over) --> secondary oocytes (haploid, undergo meiosis) --> zygote (if fertilized)
|
|
Female sexual cycle
|
averages 28 days in length) = ovarian cycle + menstrual cycle
|
|
The activities of the ovaries and uterus are coordinated by negative and positive feedback responses involving the following hormones
|
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from hypothalamus --> FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone, stimulates growth of ovarian follicles) and LH (luteinizing hormone, causes ovulation and development of the corpus luteum in the ovaries) from anterior pituitary --> estrogens and progesterone from ovaries --> endometrium of uterus maintained
|
|
follicular phase in ovaries, proliferative phase in uterus
|
decreased estrogen and progesterone from ovaries --> increased FSH and LH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback) --> some primordial follicles (contain primary oocytes) enlarge into primary follicles, then become secondary (antral) follicles --> granulosa cells secrete estrogens -->
a. --> decreased FSH and LH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback) --> smaller secondary follicles atrophy b. --> endometrium thickens |
|
ovulation (around day 14 = middle of cycle)
|
in largest secondary follicle, secretion of estrogens from granulosa cells --> increased FSH receptors --> follicle grows, becomes mature (Graafian) follicle, secretes more estrogens (positive feedback) --> increased LH secretion from anterior pituitary (positive feedback) --> increased blood flow into follicle, weakening of ovarian wall over follicle --> ovulation (secondary oocyte ejected from ovary)
|
|
3. luteal phase in ovaries, secretory phase in uterus
|
ruptured follicle at first produces less estrogen, but develops into corpus luteum under influence of LH --> increased estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum -->
a. --> endometrium thickens further with glycogen-rich tissue |
|
4. premenstrual and menstrual phases in uterus
|
increased estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum --> decreased FSH and LH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback) --> corpus luteum atrophies (becomes corpus albicans) --> decreased estrogens and progesterone from corpus luteum --> spiral arteries of endometrium constrict --> endometrium thins --> menstruation
|
|
Maintenance of the endometrium during pregnancy
|
1. During the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, the corpus luteum is maintained by HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), which is secreted by part of the fertilized egg called the trophoblast (otherwise the corpus luteum atrophies, because LH levels are decreasing).
2. After the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, the corpus luteum is maintained by estrogens and progesterone from the placenta. Estrogens also stimulate tissue growth in the fetus and mother. |
|
Adjustments to pregnancy
digestive |
a. morning sickness
b. constipation c. enlarged uterus pressing upwards on stomach --> heartburn d. increased metabolic rate |
|
Adjustments to pregnancy
circulatory |
a. increased blood volume
b. decreased venous return from lower limbs --> hemorrhoids, varicose veins |
|
.Adjustments to pregnancy
respiratory |
a. increased oxygen consumption, chemoreceptor sensitivity --> increased minute ventilation
|
|
Adjustments to pregnancy
urinary |
a. increased urine output
b. uterus compresses bladder --> increased frequency of urination |
|
Adjustments to pregnancy
integumentary |
a. stretch marks (striae)
|
|
Uterine contractions
|
1. Braxton Hicks = weak contractions = false labor
2. labor contractions (positive feedback theory of labor) a. stretching of cervix --> reflex contraction of uterus (positive feedback) b. stretching of cervix --> increased OT release --> stronger contractions of uterus (positive feedback) |
|
Stages of labor
|
1. dilation
2. expulsion 3. placental |
|
Lactation
|
1. estrogens and progesterone --> development of mammary glands and ducts
2. prolactin --> milk synthesis 3. oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cells --> milk ejection |
|
Fertilization
|
mixing of chromosomes of two gametes (resulting in zygote)
|
|
barriers to sperm migration
|
a. vaginal acidity
b. cervical mucus c. leukocytes in uterus d. granulosa cells of corona radiata e. zona pellucida f. egg plasma membrane |
|
capacitation
|
cholesterol lost from sperm membrane --> membrane weakens --> Ca ions enter --> sperm's tail lashes more forcefully
|
|
acrosomal reaction
|
acrosome membrane bursts, releases enzymes, including hyaluronidase and acrosin
|
|
prevention of polyspermy
|
a. fast block: binding of sperm to egg opens Na channels --> Na depolarizes membrane, inhibiting further binding of sperm
b. slow block: sperm penetration --> Ca enters --> cortical granules release secretions --> fertilization membrane forms, blocks remaining sperm from entering |
|
Preembryonic stage
|
first 2 weeks of development
|
|
cleavage
|
(mitotic divisions in first 3 days after fertilization): zygote --> blastomeres --> morula --> blastocyst (hollow sphere with layer of cells called trophoblast and inner cell mass called embryoblast)
|
|
implantation
|
process in which blastocyst becomes buried in endometrium (starts about 6 days after ovulation, completed in about a week)
a. trophoblast becomes cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, starts secreting HCG |
|
embryogenesis
|
embryoblast develops into the 3 primary germ layers
a. ectoderm = epithelial tissue b. mesoderm = mesenchyme c. endoderm = epithelial tissue |
|
Embryonic development
|
weeks 3 to 8
|
|
prenatal nutrition
|
a. trophoblastic (deciduous) nutrition: conceptus nourished by digesting endometrial cells (dominates through week 8)
b. placental nutrition: conceptus nourished by exchange of nutrients in placenta (dominates after week 8) |
|
placentation
|
formation of placenta (occurs from day 11 through 12 weeks after conception)
a. syncytiotrophoblast forms chorionic villi = fetal part of placenta b. decidua basalis of endometrium = maternal part of placenta |
|
embryonic membranes
|
a. amnion = transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid
b. yolk sac: produces first blood cells c. allantois: forms part of umbilical cord d. chorion = outermost membrane, forms part of placenta |
|
organogenesis
|
formation of organs from primary germ layers
|
|
organogenesis
|
a. ectoderm: forms epidermis, nervous tissue
b. mesoderm: forms most muscle and connective tissues c. endoderm: forms much mucosal epithelial tissue of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
|
Fetal development
|
week 9 to birth
|
|
umbilical arteries
|
carry blood to placenta
|
|
umbilical vein
|
carries blood from placenta
|
|
ductus venosus
|
allows most blood to bypass fetal liver
|
|
foramen ovale
|
hole in the interatrial septum
|
|
ductus arteriosus
|
allows some blood to bypass fetal lungs
|
|
MALE EXCITEMENT
2ND STAGE |
2. emission and ejaculation: caused by efferent sympathetic and somatic signals
a. peristalsis in ductus deferens b. contraction and secretion of prostate and seminal vesicles c. contraction of internal urethral sphincter, bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles |
|
MALE EXCITEMENT
3RD STAGE |
3. resolution
a. internal pudendal artery constricts, trabecular muscles contract --> blood leaves erectile tissues --> penis becomes flaccid |
|
FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
2ND STAGE |
2. orgasm
a. orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically b. peristaltic contractions of uterus c. contraction of urinary and anal sphincters |
|
FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
3RD STAGE |
3. resolution
a. uterus returns to original position b. orgasmic platform relaxes |