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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the mediastinum?
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The anatomical region from the sternum to vertebral column, and first rib to diaphragm btwn the lungs.
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Which layer is both a part of the pericardium and part of the heart wall?
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Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
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The coronary sulcus forms an external boundary between which chambers of the heart?
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Btwn atria and ventricles
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How does thickness of the myocardium relate to the workload of a cardiac chamber?
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The greater the workload of a heart chamber, the thicker its myocardium.
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In what two ways does the fibrous skeleton contribute to the functioning of heart valves?
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Prevents overstretching of the valves as blood passes through them.
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How do papillary muscles prevent atrioventricular valve cusps from everting into the atria?
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They contract which pulls on the chordae tendineae
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Which coronary blood vessel delivers oxygenated blood to the walls of the left atrium and left ventricle?
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The circumflex artery
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What are the functions of intercalated discs in cardiac fibers?
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They hold the cardiac muscle fibers together and allow action potentials to move btwn muscle fibers.
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Which component of the conduction system provides the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles?
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Atrioventricular bundle
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How does the duration of an action potential in a ventricular contractile fiber compare with that in a skeletal muscle fiber?
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Duration of an action potential is much longer in a ventricular contractile fiber.
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What is the significance of an enlarged Q wave?
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May indicate a myocardial infarction (heart attack)
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Where in the conduction system do action potentials propagate most slowly?
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Through the AV node.
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How much blood remains in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole in a resting person? What is this volume called?
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The end-diastolic volume is abt 130 mL in a resting person.
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Which heart sound is related to blood turbulence associated with closure of the atrioventricular valves?
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First heart sound, S1 (lubb)
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What region of the heart is innervated by the sympathetic division but not by the parasympathetic division?
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The ventricular myocardium receives innervation from the sympathetic division only.
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When you are exercising, contraction of skeletal muscles helps return blood to the heart more rapidly. Would this tend to increase or decrease stroke volume?
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Skeletal muscle “pump” increases stroke volume by increasing preload (end-diastolic volume).
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Which patients are candidates for cardiac transplantation?
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Individuals with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease
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When during embryonic development does the primitive heart begin to contract?
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~22nd day
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When is partitioning of the heart complete?
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~end of 5th week
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What is the role of HDL?
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HDL removes excess cholesterol and transports it to the liver for elimination.
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Which diagnostic procedure for CAD is used to visualize coronary blood vessels?
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Coronary angiography
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Which four developmental defects occur in tetralogy of Fallot?
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Tetralogy of Fallot involves an interventricular septal defect, an aorta that emerges from both ventricles, a stenosed pulmonary valve, and an enlarged right ventricle.
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Why is ventricular fibrillation such a serious arrhythmia?
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Bc ventricular pumping stops, blood ejection ceases which circulatory failure or death can occur.
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Which vessel-the femoral artery or femoral vein-has a thicker wall? Wider lumen?
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The femoral artery has thicker wall; femoral vein has a wider lumen
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In atherosclerosis, the walls of elastic arteries become stiffer. What effect does stiffness have on the pressure reservoir function of arteries?
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Due to atherosclerosis, less energy is stored in the less-compliant elastic arteries during systole; thus, the heart must pump harder to maintain the same rate of blood flow.
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Why do metabolically active tissues have extensive capillary networks?
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To support metabolism and get rid of waste.
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How do materials move through capillary walls?
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Through intercellular clefts and fenestrations, via transcytosis in pinocytic vesicles, and through the plasma membranes of endothelial cells.
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Why are valves more important in arm veins and leg veins than in neck veins?
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to prevent pooling due to gravity.
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If your total blood volume is 5 liters, what volume is in your venules and veins right now? In your capillaries?
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Venule blood volume is ~65%; ~7% in capillaries
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A person who has liver failure cannot synthesize the normal amount of plasma proteins. How does a deficit of plasma proteins affect blood colloid osmotic pressure, and what is the effect on capillary filtration and reabsorption?
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Blood colloid osmotic pressure is lower in ppl w/ low plasma proteins, so capillary reabsorption is low leading to edema.
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Is the mean blood pressure in the aorta closer to systolic or to diastolic pressure?
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Closer to diastolic pressure
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Aside from cardiac contractions, what mechanisms act as pumps to boost venous return?
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Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
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Which type of blood vessel exerts the major control of systemic vascular resistance, and how does it achieve this?
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Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arterioles are the main regulators of systemic vascular resistance.
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In which blood vessels is velocity of flow the fastest?
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Fastest in the aorta and arteries
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What types of effector tissues are regulated by the cardiovascular center?
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Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle in blood vessel walls.
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Does this negative feedback cycle represent the changes that occur when you lie down or when you stand up?
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Stand up bc gravity causes pooling of blood, decreasing blood pressure
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If blood pressure is reported as “142 or 95,” what are the diastolic, systolic, and pulse pressures? Does this person have hypertension?
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Diastolic = 95 mmHg; systolic = 142 mmHg; pulse pressure = 47 mmHg; Person has Stage 1 hypertension bc systolic pressure is >140 mmHg and diastolic is > 90 mmHg
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Does almost-normal blood pressure in a person who has lost blood indicate that the patient’s tissues are receiving adequate perfusion (blood flow)?
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No. May be caused by systemic vascular resistance rising so tissues aren’t getting adequate perfusion (blood flow)
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What are the two main circulatory routes?
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Systemic and pulmonary circulation
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What are the four subdivisions of the aorta?
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Ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta
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Where does the thoracic aorta begin?
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Begins btwn T4-T5 discs
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Where does the abdominal aorta begin?
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In the diaphgram
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Which general regions of the body are drained by the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava?
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Superior vena cava drains above the diaphgram; inferior vena cava drains below the diaphgram
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Into which veins in the neck do all venous blood in the brain drain?
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Drains into the internal jugular vein.
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From which vein in the upper limb is a blood sample often taken?
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Median cubital vein of the free upper limb.
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Which vein returns blood from the abdominopelvic viscera to the heart?
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Inferior vena cava
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Which veins of the lower limb are superficial?
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Dorsal venous arch and the great & small saphenous veins.
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Which veins carry blood away from the liver?
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The hepatic veins
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After birth, which are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood?
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Pulmonary arteries are the only veins that carry deoxygenated blood
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Which structure provides for exchange of materials btwn mother and fetus?
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The placenta
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From which germ cell layer are blood vessels and blood derived?
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Mesoderm
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Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
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Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
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Which part of the nose is attached to the frontal bone?
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Root of the nose
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How does the epiglottis prevent aspiration of foods and liquids?
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Epiglottis closes over the rima glottidis
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What is the main function of the vocal folds?
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voice production
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What is the benefit of not having complete rings of tracheal cartilage btwn the trachea and the esophagus?
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So the esophagus can bulge and press against the trachea when swallowing.
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How many lobes are secondary bronchi are present in each lung?
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Left = 2 lobes, 2 secondary bronchi; Right = 3 lobes, 3 secondary bronchi
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What type of membrane is the pleural membrane?
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Serous membrane
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Why are the right and left lungs slightly different in size and shape?
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Heart lies to the left, the liver raises the diaphragm on the right
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What types of cells make up the wall of an alveolus?
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Type 1 alveolar cells, Type 2 alveolar cells, and associated alveolar macrophages
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How thick is the respiratory membrane?
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~0.5 um in thickness
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If the volume is decreased from 1 liter to 1/4 liter, how would the pressure change?
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pressure would increase fourfold, to 4
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Right now, what is the main muscle that powers your breathing?
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Diaphragm
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How does intrapleural pressure change during a normal, quiet breath?
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+/1 2 mmHg - At the start of inhalation, intrapleural pressure is ~756 mmHg. Contraction of the diaphragm decreases it to ~754 mmHg as the volume of space btwn the two pleural layers expands. When the diaphragm relaxes, it goes back to 756 mmHg.
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What is normal atmospheric pressure at sea level?
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760 mmHg
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If you breath in as deeply as possible then exhale as much air as you can, which lung capacity have you demonstrated?
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Vital capacity
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What causes oxygen to enter pulmonary capillaries from alveoli and to enter tissue cells from systemic capillaries?
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A difference in P-O2 promotes oxygen diffusion into pulmonary capillaries from alveoli and into tissue cells from systemic capillaries.
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What is the most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin?
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Partial pressure of O2
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What point on the curve represents blood in your pulmonary veins right now? In your pulmonary veins if you were jogging?
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During exercise and rest hemoglobin in pulmonary veins would be fully saturated with O2
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In comparison to the value when you are sitting, is the affinity of your hemoglobin for O2 higher or lower when you are exercising? How does this benefit you?
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More available b/c lactic acid and CO2 are produced by active skeletal muscles, blood pH decreases and P-CO2 increases when active. Results in lower affinity of hemoglobin for O2 so more is available for working muscles
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Is O2 more available or less available to tissue cells when you have a fever? Why?
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O2 is more available b/c affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases with increasing temp.
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The P-O2 of placental blood is about 40 mmHg. What are the O2 saturations of maternal and fetal hemoglobin at this P-O2?
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Fetal hemoglobin is 80% saturated with O2 and maternal hemoglobin is abt 75% saturated
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Which area contains neurons that are active and then inactive in a repeating cycle?
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The medullary inspiratory area
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Which nerves convey impulses from the respiratory center to the diaphragm?
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phrenic nerve
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Which chemicals stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors?
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Levels of Oxygen, CO2, and H+ (acid)
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What is the normal arterial blood P-CO2?
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40 mmHg
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When does the respiratory system begin to develop in an embryo?
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~4 wks
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