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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Infertility |
- A woman's inability to conceive and give birth to a living child. - Sometimes described for a man's inability to impregnate a woman. - Requires 1 year of frequent unprotected sex with no pregnancies to be infertile. |
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Infertility: Causes |
- Most common cause is PID caused by an STI.
- Problems with ovulation are 18%-30% of causes. - Men contribute 40%, women contribute 40%, and 20% for combined cases. - Age is a factor for women since ages 20 - 24 is their peak fertility as well as anatomical problems such as having too little fat, vitamin deficiency, smoking, etc. - For men, STD's, low sperm count or motility, drug or alcohol abuse, and veracose vein problems are main causes. - For combined, it is usually the simple lack of knowledge. |
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Infertility: Treatments |
- Fertility drugs such as Clomid (clomiphene) which stimulates the pituitary to produce LH and FSH to induce ovulation. It is 50% successful with multiple births occur 8% of the time with this drug compared to 1.2% with natural pregnancies. - If Clomid is not successful, then injections with HMG (Human Menopausal Gondotropin is a second possibility. - If caused by fallopian blockage, microsurgery or laparoscopy can be used. - If caused by varioceles in testes, varicocelectomy can be used. - Other methods include reproductive technologies. |
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Assisted Reproductive Technologies |
- Artificial Insemination - IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) - GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer) - ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer) - Embryo Transfer - CISI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) |
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Artificial Insemination |
- A procedure in which sperm collected outside the body are placed into the vagina by means other than sexual intercourse. - Semen is placed artificially in the vagina, uterus, or fallopian tubes. - First done in 1776 and now cattle are commonly bred this way. - 2 methods: AID, and AIH |
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AIH |
- Artificial Insemination by Husband - Usually when husband has low sperm count. |
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AID |
- Artificial Insemination by Donor - Used when husband is either sterile or not available. - About 4,000-5,000 babies are born every year in the US s a result of AID. |
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Sperm Banks |
- About 110 in the US. - Sperm banks are services for reproductive choices where donor or personal sperm can be frozen and stored for future use. |
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Embryo Trasfer |
- A procedure in which an embryo is transferred from the uterus of one woman into the uterus of another. - Dr. John Buster of UCLA perfected this technique. - A woman who can conceive but always has miscarriages can transfer her fertilized embryo to a surrogate mother. - If a woman has no viable eggs, she can get her husband's sperm to artificially inseminate another woman's donor egg then transfer it to her own body. |
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Surrogate Mother |
- A woman who provides the uterus in which the fetus grows. |
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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) |
- Sperm and egg are fertilized outside the body. - Eggs are moved before reaching the fallopian tube. - Embryo is then allowed to grow outside in test tube for 3-5 days before being put back into the mother's uterus. - Accounts for 75% of artificial reproduction and first performed in 1978 successfully. - Ages under 35 have 44% success rate while over 45 has a 2%. |
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Nadya Suleman |
- Controversy struck when she had in 2009, 8 embryos implanted, 8 tiny babies born with already 6 children. |
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Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) |
- A procedure where sperm and eggs are collected and then inserted into the fallopian tube together. |
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Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) |
- Create zygote outside the body and transfer it into the fallopian tubes before natural implantation. |
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Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) |
- A lab technician chooses a sperm and injects it into the ovum and is performed outside the body. |
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Legal Issues |
- Legal status of an embryo.- Right to procreation.- Kinship and parenthood.- Should surrogacy be legal?- Should surrogacy be regulated through government involvement?
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Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) |
- IVF embryos while outside the body can be tested for abnormalities and gender. - Also called Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis. |
