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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major processes regulated by endocrine system |
1. Reproduction- testosterone, estrogen, progesterone 2. Growth and development- growth hormone, thyroid hormone 3. Mobilization of body defenses- thymic hormones, cortisol 4. electrolyte and water imbalance- ADH, aldosterone 5. Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance- insulin, glucagon |
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Major endocrine glands |
1. pineal gland 2. hypothalamus 3. pituitarygland 4. thyroid gland 5. parathyroid glands 6. thymus 7. adrenal glands 8. pancreas 9. ovaries 10. testes |
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Other hormone-producing structures |
1. adipose cells- leptin (hormone that suppresses appetite) 2. mucosa of GI system- gastrin, secretin (affect digestion) 3. kidneys- erythropoietin 4. heart- atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 5. skin- makes vitamin D (with liver and kidneys), acts as hormone 6. placenta- hCG, progesterone, estrogen, prostaglandin |
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Circulating hormones |
Typical. Target cell is in a different part of the body. Have receptors that can recognize and bind the hormone. Hormones are released into IF, diffuse into blood, circulated by CV system. |
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Noncirculating hormones |
Local. Unusual. Usually eicosanoids (ex. prostaglandins and leukotrienes) 1. Paracrines- hormones act on neighboring cells 2. Autocrines- hormones secreted act on same cell that secreted them. |
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Lipid-soluble hormones |
Can cross plasma membranes All use direct gene activation on target cell 1. Diffuses through plasma membrane 2. Intracellular receptors in target cell. Hormone docks here, binds to specific part of DNA (gene), alters gene expression. 3. mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes. 2 types: 1. steroids- produced by ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex. All modified from cholesterol (4 fused rings) 2. Thyroid hormone- produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland |
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Water-soluble hormones |
4 types 1. Amines- ex. epi, norepi (AA based) 2. peptides- chains shorter than 50 AA's 3. proteins- polypeptide chain made of >50 AA's 4. Eicosanoids- derived from specific fatty acid (arachidonic acid) Most use second messenger activation on target cell 1. Binding of hormone to receptor on cell surface activates G protein, which activates adenylate cyclase (helps ATP -->cAMP). 2. cAMP is the secondary messenger- able to activate protein kinases, which causes phosphates to be put on proteins (phosphorylation), activating them. Causes rxn's that produce physiological responses. |
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What causes endocrine glands to secrete hormones? |
1. humoral stimulus- ex. low [Ca] stimulates PTH 2. neural stimulus- ex. when sympathetic division of ANS active, triggers adrenal medulla to release epi and norepi. Causes fight or flight response. 3. Hormonal stimulus- most common. Ex. hypothalamus stimulates AP to secrete hormones, which then stimulate other glands (thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads) to produce hormones. |
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Hypothalamus |
part of brain |
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Pituitary gland |
Not part of the brain but sits very close to hypothalamus. 2 glands: AP and PP glands |
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neurohypophysis |
posterior pituitary and infundibulum hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract- neural connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary ex. ADH and oxytocin made by hypothalamus but secreted by PP (travels along H-H tract) |
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adenohypophysis |
anterior pituitary hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones. Has vascular connection with AP Hypophyseal portal veins- vascular connection btwn hypothalamus and AP |
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Hypothalamus hormone GHRH GHIH TRH CRH GnRH PRH PIH |
GHRH stimulates AP to make GH (target- bones, skeletal muscle, most body cells) GHIH inhibits GH production GHIH also inhibits TSH production (target- thyroid gland) TRH stimulates AP to release TSH CRH stimulates AP to release ACTH (target- adrenal cortex) GnRH stimulates AP to release FSH and LH (target- gonads) PRH stimulates Ap to release prolactin (target- mammary glands) PIH inhibits release of prolactin |
