Exam 3 Study Guide

Front 1

Victimology

Back 1

The study of crime victims; usually in reference to street crime victims (violent crime victims)

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Lifestyle Theory

Back 2

Victimization Theory; the lifestyles of certain people put them at a greater risk for crime victimization.

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Deviant Lifestyle Theory

Back 3

Victimization Theory; Offending increases offending (drinking and drug use= increased risk of victimization)

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Routine Activities Theory

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Victimization Theory; The routine or regular activities that people engage in that increase victimization (going to Hot Spots regularly; wall-street buys).

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Deviant Places Theory

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Victimization Theory; Hot Spots of crime exist- where your more likely to become a victim.

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Victim Precipitation Theory- Homicide

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Victimization Theory; Wolfgang- Homicide usually preceded by argument, victim use physical force, felony actions, domestic violence, and/or alcohol

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Victim Precipitation Theory- Rape

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Victimization Theory; Amir- Rape preceded by foreplay then changing her mind, suggestive clothing, accepting drink from stranger, etc.

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Wolfgang

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Victim-Precipitated Homicide

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Amir

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Victim-Precipitated Rape

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Decker

Back 10

Found that people are most likely killed by acquaintances

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Messerschmidt

Back 11

Explains lower class men's higher rates of homicide/assault= upper/middle class men channel energy and anger differently (economic connection, sports)

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Eli Anderson

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Code of the Streets; Explains lower class men's higher rates of homicide/assault= alienation of lower class african americans- different culture.

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Code of the Streets

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Eli Anderson; culture created by the alienation of lower class African Americans- focus on respect.

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Julius Wilson

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Economic deprivation, social disorganization, the violent nature of masculinity, the stupidity of youth, and the inequality heaped on by race and ethnicity- explains class differences in violent crime.

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Spree Killings

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Spread over time AND killer doesn't return to "normal" identity

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Mass Killings

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Four or more victims in a single incident

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Serial Killings

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3 or more killings in 3 or more incidents; killer returns to "normal" identity between killings.

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Robbery

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Taking of anything of value from a person by threat of force or violence

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Forcible Rape

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UCR- carnal knowledge of a female through the use of force or threat of force, including attempts. (NCVS- not just women)

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Diane Herman

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The Rape Culture to explain why rape exists.

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The Rape Culture

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Men objectify women (porn, strippers, etc); leads to rape

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The Rape Myths

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1. No means yes; 2. Ask for/deserve it; 3. No injury=no rape

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The Battering Myths

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1. Ask for/deserve it; 2. If it's so bad, why stay?

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Robert Heiner

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Crime IS the news- citizens cannot understand the context of crime on the news; leads people to bypass thoughtful responses to crime for aggressive punitive ones.

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Reiman (media)

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The Bonus of Bias- The focus on the moral condemnation of individuals deflects the focus away from the social order that may have actually caused the crime.

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Defensive Gun Use

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Incidences in the U.S.= 65-85,000 (Wells 2.5 million)- using a firearm or threatening to

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Justifiable Homicides

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653 total a year; 393= law enforcement; 260= individuals/citizens

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Heller Decision

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D.C. v. Heller- judge ruled for the right to keep and bear arms for the citizens- subject to "reasonable" restrictions; first case to rule on 2nd amendment.

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Hate Crimes

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Violent acts directed at persons because of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation.

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Burglary

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Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft

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Larceny

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Unlawful taking, carrying, leading or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another

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Auto Theft

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Theft of a motor vehicle

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Arson

Back 33

Willful or malicious burning of a dwelling, building, vehicle, personal property of another.

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Maguire

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Typology of Burglars

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Typology of Burglars

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Maguire= Low, Mid, High level burglary; high-level involves great planning, involving external support systems which consists of tipsters and fences.

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Tipsters

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Provide information to burglars about possible targets

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Fences

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Help burglars dispose of the illegal bounty

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Target Hardening

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Result of property crime- steps taken to reduce the risks of victimization (Ex. security system)

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Forgery

Back 39

Check Kiting- most common bridge crime.

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Lemert

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Divided check forgers into two types: Naive and Systematic.

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Naive Check Forgerers

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Represent vast majority; Bounce checks on accident- not intentionally

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Systematic Check Forgerers

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More akin to professional criminals; $12 billion annual costs

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White Collar-Crime

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Sutherland- A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation

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Edwin Sutherland

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Defines white-collar crime; excludes blue-collar workers and blue-collar companies as well as middle and upper-class workers

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Clinard & Quinney

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Distinguished between occupational crime and corporate crime

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Occupational Crime

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Committed by an individual to benefit himself within the course of his job (Clinard & Quinney); employee theft is most common- pilferage to embezzlement

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Corporate Crime

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Committed by individual(s) to benefit the corporations (Clinard & Quinney); examples: price fixing, price gauging, etc.

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Ermann & Lundman

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Defined Organizational Crime to cover small businesses, blue-collar businesses, governmental and non-profit organizations

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Organizational Crime

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Includes small businesses, blue-collar businesses, governmental and non-profit organizations (Ermann & Lundman)

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Pilferage

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Small items, office supplies; costs $40 billion annually

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Embezzlement

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Theft of cash, misappropriation of fund; costs $17 billion annually.

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Chiseling

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Involves cheating an organization, its ensures, or both. May be individuals or employees who collectively break the law for financial benefit.

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Sykes & Matza

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Neutralization Theory to explain white-collar crime

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Neutralization Theory

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White-collar criminals rationalize their behavior through neutralizing it; everyone's doing it, no one gets hurt, it's not my fault, etc.

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Corporate-Culture Theory

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The culture within the corporation encourages and promotes crime among its employees the same way a street gang does among its members

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Alien Conspiracy Model

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For organized crime; the media-driven myth of large, highly organized Italian families in control of organized crime, popularized by movies and TV.

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Public Order Crimes

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Generally behaviors that were once legal but become illegal; reflect bias against particular group; breeds distrust and disrespect for the law

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Decriminalization

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Would not legalize the behavior- would make it punishable in the public health realm, not the criminal justice system.

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Miller v. California

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Case on obscenity- 1. Material appeals to prurient interest 2. Offensive when applying to community standards 3. Material lacks any serious artistic, literary, political or scientific value

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Stratification in Gambling

Back 60

Middle and upper classes visit casino resorts, while working and lower classes gamble on lotteries, race tracks, sporting events, pari-mutuels, etc.