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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
3 components of sensory experience
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Sensory reception, perception, reaction
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Stereognosis
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is the ability to perceive and recognize the form of an object using cues from texture, size, spatial properties, and temperature. Stereognosis tests determine whether or not the parietal lobe of the brain is intact. Typically, these tests involved having the patient identify common objects (eg. keys, comb, safety pins) placed in their hand without any visual cues.
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4 requirements for sensory experience
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Stimuli capable of initiating a response by nervous system
Receptor or sense organ to receive stimuliys and convert it to nerve impulse Nerve pathway to conduct impulse to brain Area of brain must be able to receive and translate impulse into sensation |
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Reticular Activating System (RAS)
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is an area of the brain responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions.
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Patients at risk for sensory deprivation
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Institutionalized patients, patients confined to bed, patients with sensory alterations, depressed patients, patients with communicable diseases, patients with nervous system disease, patients from a different culture.
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Patients at risk for sensory overload
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Acutely ill or chronically ill patients, patients in pain, patients with invasive monitoring or treatment equipment, hospitalized patients (esp, ICU), patients with nervous system disturbances.
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Factors affecting sensory stimulation
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Age/developmental status, amount/presence or absence of meaningful stimuli, social interaction, environmental factors, culture
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States of consciousness
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Normal
Delirium Dementia Confusion Somnolence/Lethargy Chronic vegetative state |
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States of unconsciousness
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Asleep
Stuporous Comatose |
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cognition involves
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Cerebral functioning - process of conscious thought, reality orientation, problem solving, judgement comprehension.
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Components of Assesing sensory and perceptual function
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Nursing history, mental status, physical examination, identify patients at risk, patient's environment, patient's social support system.
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Acute confusion
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Nursing diagnostic label - Abrupt onset of global, transient changes and disturbances in attention, cognition level, level of consciousness or sleep-wake cycle. Aka delirium
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Chronic confusion
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Irreversible, long-standing or progressive deterioration of intellect and personality with memory, behavioral changes. Aka dementia
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Impaired memory
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inability to recall information, behavioral skills
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Expected outcomes related to sensory/perception
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Patient will -
Live in developmentally stimulating/safe environment Exhibit appropriate level of arousal demonstrate intact functioning of the senses maintain orientation to person, place, time respond appropriately to sensory stimuli |
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Nursing interventions related to sensory/perception
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Adjusting environmental stimuli
managing acute sensory deficits Use of sensory aids |
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Sensoristasis
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Sensoristasis is the term used to describe when a person is in optimal arousal.
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Circadian rhythm
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Physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle. Affects patterns of brain wave activity hormone production, cell regeneration, sensory acuity, mood, and other biological activities.
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What part of the brain controls the circadian rhythm?
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The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): a group of cells located in the hypothalamus
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Biological clock
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drives circadian rhythm. Synchronizes sleep and wake cycles. Highly individual and genetically linked.
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Two phases of sleep
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NREM (nonrapid eye movement) and REM (rapid eye movement)
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Stages of sleep
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1 through 4 and REM
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Describe the typical adult sleep cycle including stages and timeframe
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Presleep sleepiness, Stage 1 (few minutes), Stage 2 (10-20 min), Stage 3 (15-30 min), Stage 4 (15-30 min), Stage 3 (15-30 min), Stage 2 (10-20 min), REM (20 minutes) - typical time to reach REM sleep is 90 minutes.
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Sleep stage 1
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Lightest level of sleep, lasts a few minutes, gradual fall in vitals and metabolism, easily aroused
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Sleep stage 2
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Sound sleep, 10-20 minutes, relaxation progresses, easy arousal
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Sleep stage 3
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Deeper Sleep, 15-20 minutes, difficult arousal, muscles relaxed, vitals decline
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Sleep stage 4
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Deepest sleep, 15-30 minutes, very difficult arousal, significant decrease in vital signs, considerable portion of night spent in this stage.
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REM sleep
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Vivid dreams, Begins about 90 min after onset of sleep. Typified by rapid eye movement, fluctuating heart and respiratory rates, increased BP. Loss of skeletal muscle tone, increased gastric secretions, very difficult arousal, duration increases with each sleep cycle. (20 min average length - may be as long as 60 min during last cycle).
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Describe how many sleep cycles adults typically move through per night and how the sleep cycles change throughout the night.
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4-5 complete cycles. With each successive cycle, stages 3 and 4 shorten and REM lengthens. The REM stages lasts up to 60 minutes in the last sleep cycle.
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What percentage of a typical adult's sleep is spent in NREM stages?
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75%-80%
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Newborns spend more time in ____ whereas older adults sleep cycles tend to be _______.
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Newborns spend more time in deep sleep. Older adults sleep is more fragmented with less time in deep sleep.
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Functions of sleep
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Contributes to physical and psychological restoration, body and brain tissue restoration, preserves cardiac function, preserves energy. Dreams involve learning, memory processing, and stress adaptation.
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Sleep requirements - neonates
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16 hrs average, sleep almost constantly the first week. Sleep cycle: 40-50 mins wakes after 1-2 sleep cycles. 50% is REM which stimulates brain centers and is critical for normal development.
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Sleep requirements - infants
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8-10 hrs of night time sleep by 3 months. Naps during the day. 15 hrs sleep total per day. 30% of sleep is REM. May awaken during the night.
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Sleep requirements - toddlers
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By age 2 - most sleep through the night, Still nap during the day. 12 hrs of sleep per day. May give up naps around age 3. Percentage of REM time falls with age. Bedtime routine may become a struggle.
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Sleep requirements - Preschoolers
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12 hrs per night. 20% REM. By age 5, naps are rare. Problems with sleep may include trouble settling down, bedtime fears, waking during the night, nightmares, partial wakening, crying, sleep-waking, bed-wetting.
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Sleep requirements - school-aged children
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required sleep varies 9-12 hours
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Sleep requirements - adolescents
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Experience changes in circadian rhythms. Secretion of melatonin changes to later in the night. May require 9-10 hours but actually get about 7.5. May result in poor school performance and behavior or mood problems.
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Sleep requirements - young adults
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6-8.5 hours 20% is REM. May begin to experience sleep problems due to stress, social activities, insomnia. Pregnancy may increase need for sleep.
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Sleep requirements - middle adults
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Total time spent sleeping declines. Stage 4 sleep falls and continues to decline with advancing age. Anxiety, depression, and or physical illness may cause sleep disturbances. Menopausal symptoms may lead to insomnia.
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Sleep requirements - older adults
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Increasing complaints of sleeping difficulties. 50% of adults 65 and older have sleep problems. REM sleep shortens. Decrease in stage 3 and stage 4 NREM with a possible total loss of stage 4 or deep sleep. Frequent awakenings and difficulty falling asleep. Chronic illenss may result in loss of sleep - changes caused by changes in CNS that affect sleep regulation. Sensory impairment reduces sensitivity to time cues that maintain circadian rhythms.
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Insomnia
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Chronic difficulty falling asleep, frequent wakings, short sleep. Most common sleep-related complaint.
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Effects/characteristics of Insomnia
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Results in excessive day time sleepiness. More common in women. Often signals underlying physical or psychological disorders or situational stress. Also associated with poor sleep hygiene (practices/habits associated with good health). Increased risk for anxiety, depression. Treatment begins with improved sleep hygiene.
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Sleep Apnea
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Lack of airflow (apnea) or diminished airflow (hypopnea) through the nose and mouth for periods of 10 seconds or longer. May be central, obstructive, or mixed. Most common is Obstructive (OSA).
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Effects/characteristics of sleep apnea
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Causes loud snoring. Affects 10-15% of middle-aged adults. Risk factors include smoking, obesity, alcohol, family history. Results in excessive daytime sleepiness. Causes a decline in arterial oxygen saturation. Increased risk of cardiac dysrhythmias, right sided heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, angina attacks, stroke, hypertension.
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Polysomnography
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Testing for sleep apnea. A number of physiologic variables are measured and recorded during sleep. These include - Brain electrical activity, eye and jaw muscle movement, leg muscle movement, airflow, respiratory efford (chest and abdomincal excursion), EKG, oxygen saturation
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Treatment for sleep apnea
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CPAP, VPAP, or BIPAP - Continuous, Variable, or Bi-pressure Positive Airway Pressure
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Narcolepsy
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Dysfunction of the mechanism that regulates sleep and wake states
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Effects/characteristics of narcolepsy
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Excessive daytime sleepiness, REM sleep occurs within 15 min of falling asleep. Treated with medications, exercise, diet modifications, deep breathing, scheduled naps.
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Parasomnias
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a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep. Includes - Sleepwalking, night terrors, nightmares, bed wetting (nocturnal enuresis), tooth griding, body rocking.
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Effects/characteristics of parasomnias
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More common in children. Sleep hygiene becomes very important. Safety is key.
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Examples of chronic diseases that poor sleep is believed to contribute to -
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Heart disease, diabetes, immunity, obesity
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Assesment for sleep issues includes
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Asking about usual sleep patterns, physical and psychological illness, current life events, emotional and mental status, bedtime routines, bedtime environments, behaviors of sleep deprivation
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Nursing diagnoses related to sleep issues
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Anxiety, ineffective breathing pattern, acute confusion, compromised family coping, ineffective coping, insomnia, disturbed sensory perception, sleep deprivation.
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Nursing planning related to sleep issues
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Client will -
Control environmental sources disrupting sleep within 1 month Identify factors in the immedicate home environment that disrupt sleep in 2 weeks Report having a discussion with family members about environmental barriers to sleep within 2 weeks. Report changes made in the bedroom to promote sleep within 2 weeks. Report fewer than 2 awakenings per night within 4 weeks. |
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Geriatrics
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is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems affecting older adults.
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gerontology
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is the study of all aspects of the aging process and its consequences.
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gerontological nursing
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is concerned with the assessment of the health and functional status of older adults; diagnosis, planning, and implementing health care and services to meet the identified needs; and evaluating the effectiveness of such care. This is the term nurses specializing in the field use most often.
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Stochastic theories of aging
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View aging as the result of random cellular damage that occurs over time. The accumulated damage leads to physical changes that we recognize as characteristic of the aging process. (the word stochasic means "aim" or "guess" and describes something that is non-deterministic)
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Non-stochastic theories of aging.
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View aging as a series of genetically programmed physiological mechanisms
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Psychosocial theories of aging
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Attempt to explain changes in behavior, roles, and relationships that come with aging. The 3 major psychosocial theories of aging are Disengagement theory, Activity theory, and Continuity theory.
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Disengagement theory of aging
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the oldest psychosocial theory, states that aging individuals withdraw from customary roles and engage in more introspective, self-focused activities
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Activity theory of aging
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considers the continuation of activities performed during middle adulthood to be necessary for successful aging.
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Continuity theory of aging
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also called developmental theory, states that personality remains the same and behavior becomes more predictable as people age. The personality and behavior patterns that developed during a lifetime determine the degree of engagement and activity in older adulthood.
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What are the primary factors are contributing to the current increase in older adults?
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Increased life span
Aging baby boomer generation (born 1946-1964) |
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Developmental tasks of the older adult
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Adjusting to decreasing health and physical strength
Adjusting to retirement and reduced or fixed income Adjusting to death of spouse Accepting self as an aging person Maintaining satisfactory living arrangements Redefining relationships Finding ways to maintain quality of life |
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Physiological changes of old age - Integumentary
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loss of elasticity, pigmentation changes, glandular atrophy, thinning hair, slower nail growth, atrophy of epidermal arterioles.
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Physiological changes of old age - Respiratory
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Decreased cough reflex reduces removal of dust, mucus, and other irritants from airways. Decreased cilia, Decreased vital capacity (increased anterior-posterior chest diameter); Increased chest wall rigidity; Fewer alveoli; increased airway resistance; increased risk of respiratory infections.
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Physiological changes of old age - Cardiovascular
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Thickening of blood vessel walls; narrowing of vessel lumen; loss of vessel elasticity; lower cardiac output; decreased number of heart muscle fibers; decreased elasticity and calcification of the heart valves; decreased baroreceptor sensitivity; decreased efficiency of venous valves; increased pulmonary vascular tension; increased systolic blood pressure; decreased peripheral circulation.
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Physiological changes of old age - Gastrointestinal
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Periodontal disease; decrease in saliva, gastric secretions, and pancreatic enzymes; smooth muscle changes with decreased esophageal peristalsis and small intestine motility.
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Physiological changes of old age - Musculoskeletal
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decreased muscle mass, strength; decalcification of bones; degenerative joint changes; dehydration of interverterbral disks
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Physiological changes of old age - Neurological
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Degeneration of nerve cells, decrease in neurotransmitters, decrease in rate of conduction of impulses
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Physiological changes of old age - Sensory
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Decreased accommodation to near/far vision, difficulty adjusting to changes from light to dark, yellowing of the lens, altered color perception, increased sensitivity to glare, smaller pupils, Loss of acuity to high frequency sounds, thickening of tympanic membrane, sclerosis of inner ear, buildup of cerumen, fewer taste buds, decreased sense of smell, decreased skin receptors to touch, decreased awareness of body position in space.
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Physiological changes of old age - Genitourinary
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Fewer nephrons, 50% decrease in renal blood flow by age 80, decreased bladder capacity. Males: enlargement of prostate. Females: reduced sphincter tone.
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Physiological changes of old age - Endocrine
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Alteration in hormone production, decreased ability to respond to stress, Increased anti-inflammatory hormone, decreased secretion of pancreatic enzymes and hormones.
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presbyopia
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Decreased accommodation to near/far vision
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presbycusis
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loss of hearing acuity for high-frequency tones.
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Functional status of older adults usually refers to
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ability to safely perform ADLs
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An infectious agent
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pathogen
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This refers to when a pathogen invades a host, and multiplies without causing infection
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colonization
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An _______ is infectious or communicable. It may pose a risk to the patient, but not to others.
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infectious disease
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Example: pneumonia, viral meningitis
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If the infectious disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another, it is termed a _______.
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communicable disease
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If the pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms, the infection is _____.
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symptomatic
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If the pathogens do not cause physical signs and symptom, this is referred to as _______.
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asymptomatic
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Ex. Hepatitis C is a communicable disease that can be asymptomatic
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These steps are the _______. 1. Infectious agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Host
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chain of infection
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The presence of a pathogen does not mean an infection will occur. It requires a presence of all of the following elements.
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The ability for a microorganism to survive in the host or outside the body is called ___.
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virulence
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Resident skin microorganisms are not virulent, but can cause serious infection when surgery allows them to enter deep tissues or when a patient is immunocompromised.
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Bacteria that requires oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease is called _____.
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aerobic bacteria
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______ thrive where little or no free oxygen is available.
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Anaerobic bacteria
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_______ is the term used to describe a cold environment that prevents the growth and reproduction of bacteria.
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Bacteriostasis
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This destroys bacteria
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bactericidal
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Most organisms prefer an environment with a PH range of ____.
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PH range of 5-7
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Acid-reducing medications may cause an overgrowth of gastrointestinal organisms such as health care-associated pneumonia.
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______ depends on the individual degree of resistance to a pathogen.
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susceptibility
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The severity of the clients illness depends on the extend of the infection, the ______ of the microorganisms.
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pathogenicity
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Pain and tenderness in a wound site, redness, heat, or loss of function of the body part affected would be considered a ____ infection.
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localized
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A ____ is a mode of transmission that requires an external mechanical transfer.
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vector
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A situation where you have personal contact with infected inanimate objects is an ____ mode of transmission.
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indirect
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Touching client feces is an example of a _____ mode of transmission.
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direct
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The _______ refers to the interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms.
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incubation period
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The ______ refers to the interval from onset of specific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms.
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prodromal stage
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Ex. an onset of symptoms such as fever or malaise
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The _____ refers to the interval when a client manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection.
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illness stage
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Ex. strep throat is manifested by sore throat pain
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_____ do not usually cause disease when residing in their usual area of the body but instead participate in maintaining health.
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Normal flora
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Ex. Normal flora maintains a balance with other microorganisms to prevent infection. The skins normal flora exerts a bactericidal action.
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The use of ______ can disrupt the normal flora of the body, and lead to a suprainfection.
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broad-spectrum antibiotics
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Why? It kills microbes that aid in defense against those that grow at will.
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_____ is a protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products and nutrients to an area of injury.
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inflammation
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Serum proteins such as kinins, vasoactive amines, and prostaglandins serve to increase vasodilation. They play a key role in the inflammatory response.
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Fluid and cells that are discharged from cells or blood vessels are called _____.
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exudates
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Ex. pus or serum
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The accumulation of fluid appears as localized swelling referred to as ____.
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edema
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Injury causes tissue damage, and as a result the body releases chemical mediators that increases the permeability of small blood vessels. As a result, fluid, protein, and cells enter interstitial spaces causing fluid buildup.
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The cellular response of inflammation involves _____, which describes the destruction and absorption of bacteria
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phagocytosis
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Fever is caused by phagocytic release of pyrogens from bacterial cells that cause a rise in the hypothalmic set point.
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An increase in the number of circulating WBC's, is referred to as ____.
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leukocytosis
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Normal Serum WBC count:
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5,000 to 10,000/mm3
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Exudate may be ____ in color, or clear.
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serous
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Exudate may be ______, in that the color is red from containing RBC's.
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sanguineous
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Exudate may be ____, or white in color in that it contains pus, WBC's or bacteria.
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purulent
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When it comes to tissue repair, tissue defects may fill with _____.
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granulation tissue
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GT is not as strong as collagen and assumes the form of scar tissue.
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An infection that results from being in a health care facility.
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hospital-acquired infection (nosocomial)
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_____ is a type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.
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Iatrogenic infection
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Ex. Following a gastrointestinal endoscopy the client developed a P. aeruginosa infection.
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A HAI that is present outside the client.
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exogenous infection
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Ex. A postoperative infection
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An _____ can occur when part of the client's flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results.
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endogenous infection
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Assessment for infection prevention and control should include:
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1. Immunizations/ vaccinations 2. Susceptibility 3. Client knowledge of how disease is transmitted 4. Review past diseases 5. Travel history 6. Status of defense mechanisms 7. Clinical appearance 8. Lab results
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A _____ causes more generalized symptoms that a local infection. They usually result in fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and malaise.
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systemic infections
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True/False It is not uncommon to find that an older adult has an advanced infection before it is identified.
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TRUE
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Why? This is because older adults may have a reduced inflammatory and immune response. Older adults have increased fatigue and diminished pain sensitivity
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True/False A reduced or absent fever response can occur from chronic use of aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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TRUE
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True/False Checking a client for breakage in skin would be an example of the status of defense mechanisms.
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TRUE
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Normal Value for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):
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up to 15mm/hr for men up to 20mm/hr for women
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Normal Value for Iron:
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60-90g/100ml
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Normal culture for urine and blood:
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normally sterile without microorganism growth
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Normal cultures and gram stain of wound, sputum, and throat:
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No WBC's on Gram stain, possible normal flora
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An example for a nursing diagnosis related to infection prevention and control would be...
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-risk for infection -imbalanced nutrition:less than body requirements -impaired oral mucous membrane -risk for impaired skin integrity -social isolation -impaired tissue integrity
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Common goals of care applicable to clients with infection often includes:
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-preventing exposure to infectious organisms -controlling or reducing the extent of infection -maintaining resistance to infection -verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and control techniques
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Some implementation methods for infection and prevention control include:
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-flu vaccine -hand hygiene -proper nutrition -rest
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True/False A short term plan is written with a goal. And a long term plan is written with an outcome.
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TRUE
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____, or clean technique, includes procedures used to reduce the number of organisms present and prevent transfer of organisms.
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Medical asepsis
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The absence of pathogenic microorganisms is called ___.
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asepsis
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Procedures used to reduce the number of organisms present and prevent the transfer of organisms is called ____.
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medical asepsis
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The nurse follows ____ which are principles and procedures to prevent and control infection.
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standard procedures
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True/False Personal protective equipment does not need to be changed after contact with each client and between procedures.
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FALSE
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This transmission based precaution requires a private room, mask for caregiver and visitor, negative pressure airflow exchange in the room of at least 6-12 exchanges/hr.
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airborne precaution
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This transmission-based precaution requires a private room or room with others with the same infection, and a mask for caregivers and visitors
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droplet precaution
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This transmission based precaution requires private room or room with others of same infection. Gloves and gown for both the caregiver and visitors, dispose of materials in a single nonporous bag without touching the outside of the bag.
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contact precaution
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This transmission based precaution requires a private room, positive-pressure room with 12 or more air exchanges/hr, and a HEPA filtration for incoming air. It also requires the caregiver and visitors to wear respirator mask, gloves, and gown.
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protective environment precaution
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This type of precaution protects the patient from us and outside visitors
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In ______ infection prevention and control, you would measure the success of the techniques, compare the client's response with expected outcomes, and if goals are not achieved, determine what steps must be taken.
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evaluation
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The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute is the_______.
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cardiac output
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CO= stroke volume x heart rate normal range= 4-6 L/min
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______ is a more precise measure and takes into consideration tissue perfusion and the clients body surface area.
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cardiac index
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normal range 2.5-4.0 L/min/m2 CI= cardiac output / BSA
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_____ is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction.
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stroke volume
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_____ is the end-diastolic volume
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preload
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________ law states; The more stretch on the ventricular muscle, the greater the contraction and the greater the stroke volume.
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Starlings
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____ is the resistance to left ventricular ejection.
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Afterload
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An ____ reflects the electrical activity of the conduction system.
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electrocardiogram
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*does not reflect muscular work of the heart
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The normal sequence of the ECG is called _____.
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normal sinus rhythm
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_____ is the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs.
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Ventilation
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____ is an active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta.
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Inspiration
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____ is a passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work.
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Expiration
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____ is the process for exchange of the respiratory gases in the alveoli and the capillaries of the body tissues.
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Diffusion
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Conditions such as shock and severe dehydration cause extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume, or _______.
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hypovolemia
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Electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node cause condition disturbances called _____.
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dysrhythmias
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Name 2 heart rhythms that are life threatening and require immediate intervention.
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ventricular tachycardia; ventricular fibrillation
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_____ results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands.
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Myocardial ischemia
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____ is a transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
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Angina pectoris
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_____ occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the body's oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide.
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Hypoventilation
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_____ is inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level.
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Hypoxia
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____ is a clinical sign of hypoxia. It is a sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing.
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Dyspnea
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____ is an abnormal condition in which the client uses multiple pillows when lying down or must sit with arms elevated and leaning forward to breath.
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Orthopnea
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Bloody sputum
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hemoptysis
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High pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway.
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weezing
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_____ with a 50% increase between two samples 3-6 hours apart, peaking 12 hours after chest pain, or a single elevation two fold is diagnostic for an acute myocardial infarction
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creatine kinase
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Normal Myoglobin Level
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<90 mcg/L
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Normal Serum Electrolyte level (checking for potassium K+)
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3.5-5 mmol/L
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Normal Cholesterol level
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Fasting: 200 mg/dl Low-density lipoproteins (LDL's) bad cholesterol- 60-180 mg/dL High-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol) Male: >45 mg/dL Female: >55mg/dL
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Normal Triglycerides
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Male: 40-160 mg/dL Female: 35-135 mg/dL
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A component of pulmonary hygiene, consists of drainage, positioning, and turning; accompanied by chest percussion and vibration
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postural drainage
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_____ encourages voluntary deep breathing.
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Incentive spirometry
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A _____ is a catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space, to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space, or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures.
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chest tube
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A _____ is an accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae, usually as a result of trama.
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hemothorax
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A _____ is a collection of air in the pleural space.
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pneumothorax
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_____ involves deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse.
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Pursed lip breathing
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_____ is more difficult and requires the client to relax intercostal and accessory respiratory muscles while taking deep inspirations.
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Diaphragmatic breathing
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Deoxygenated blood is delivered to the ____ side of the heart, and oxygenated blood is delivered from the lungs to the ____ side of the heart and tissues.
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right;left
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The ____ ventricle of the heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circulation.
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right
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The ____ ventricle of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circulation.
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left
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There are ___ cardiac chambers; ___ atria, and ____ ventricles.
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4;2;2
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The blood chambers fill with blood during ____ and empty during ____.
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diastole; systole
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An enlarged heart is called _____.
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cardiomyopathy
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results in decreased pumping action and a decrease in stroke volume (blood ejected)
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Hemorrhage and dehydration cause a ____ in circulating blood volume and stroke volume.
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decrease
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___ represents the first heart sound when the blood fills a relaxed ventricle after leaving the atria.
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S1
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Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves represents, ___ or the second heart sound.
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S2
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_____ supplies the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes.
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Coronary artery circulation
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The arteries and veins of the _____ delivers nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste from the tissues.
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systemic circulation
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Blood is ejected from the ___ ventricle.
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left
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A _____ is a catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space, to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space, or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures.
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chest tube
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A _____ is an accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae, usually as a result of trama.
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hemothorax
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A _____ is a collection of air in the pleural space.
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pneumothorax
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_____ involves deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse.
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Pursed lip breathing
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_____ is more difficult and requires the client to relax intercostal and accessory respiratory muscles while taking deep inspirations.
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Diaphragmatic breathing
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Deoxygenated blood is delivered to the ____ side of the heart, and oxygenated blood is delivered from the lungs to the ____ side of the heart and tissues.
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right;left
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The ____ ventricle of the heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circulation.
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right
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The ____ ventricle of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circulation.
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left
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There are ___ cardiac chambers; ___ atria, and ____ ventricles.
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4;2;2
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The blood chambers fill with blood during ____ and empty during ____.
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diastole; systole
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An enlarged heart is called _____.
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cardiomyopathy
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results in decreased pumping action and a decrease in stroke volume (blood ejected)
|
|
Hemorrhage and dehydration cause a ____ in circulating blood volume and stroke volume.
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decrease
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|
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___ represents the first heart sound when the blood fills a relaxed ventricle after leaving the atria.
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S1
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Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves represents, ___ or the second heart sound.
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S2
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_____ supplies the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes.
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Coronary artery circulation
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The arteries and veins of the _____ delivers nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste from the tissues.
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systemic circulation
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Blood is ejected from the ___ ventricle.
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left
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