Exam 3, Psyc 360

Front 1

drug

Back 1

any chemical that affects functions in the body

·include alcohol, nicotine, caffeine

·CNS depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens,

cannabis

·medications

·toxins

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addiction

Back 2

physical and psychological dependence on a psychoactive substance that cross BBB (blood brain barrier) and temporarily alters the chemical balance of the brain

·complusive, deny there's addiction

·overpowering need and desire

·detrimental to individual and society

·relapse is common

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What addictive drugs do to the brain

Back 3

·Act on brain circuitry that motivates behavior (dopaminergic activity)

·causes release and prolonged action of DA, 5-HT and other NT's

prolonged exposure leads to down regulation of receptors or NT depletion to maintain homeostasis

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tolerance

Back 4

body's response to the drug decreases (more drug needed)

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withdrawal

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opposite effects of the drug resulting from abstinence (physiological and psychological)

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abuse

Back 6

substance use that has negative consequences

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dependence

Back 7

use that is compulsive, out of control, has negative consequences, and often includes physical dependence

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Risk factors

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·Increase of stress and lack of healthy coping strategies

·availability, access, money

·comorbid personality and mood disorders

·family history and genetics

·culture

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sexual dysfunctions

Back 9

persistent problems with sexual interest, arousal, orgasm (and pain)

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paraphilia

Back 10

disordered sexual relationship and abnormal sexual behavior

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exhibitionism

Back 11

intensely involves exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger that usually leads to arousal

Front 12

voyeurism

Back 12

involving the act of observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing or engaging in sexual activity

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fetishism

Back 13

arousal involving nonliving objects

·object becomes necessary for arousal

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Transvestic disorder

Back 14

type of fetishism where [heterosexual] men become sexually aroused by wearing women's clothing

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sadism/masochism

Back 15

recurrent need to imagine or act out the infliction of pain on a victim to get sexually aroused

·need for physical or psychological suffering to get sexually aroused

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pedophilia

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sexual attraction or acvtivity with prepubescent children

·perpetrator > 16 y/o (and 5+ years older than victim)

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Frotteurism

Back 17

involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person

·usually male to female

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Gender dysphoria

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feeling as if you were born the wrong sex

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psychosis

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state of being profoundly out of touch with reality

·impaired sense of reality

psychotic symptoms occur in: schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar, substance use/abuse, borderline PD, post-partum psychosis, etc.

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hallucinations

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internally generated sensory experiences

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delusions

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false beliefs

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schizophrenia

Back 22

for 1 month showing 2 or more symptoms (most of the time):

delusions

hallucinations

disorganized speech: loose associates, echolalia, echopraxia, word salad

very abnormal motor activity (e.g. catatonia)

feelings of turmoil

decreased: motivation (avolition), emotions (affective flattening), speech (alogia), sense of pleasure (anhedonia), social interaction

difficulty functioning in various areas of life

·beyond 1 month, symptoms present for >5 months

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delusional disorder

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realistic delusion (>1 month) without other psychotic symptoms

Front 24

Types of schizo.

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·Jealous: convinced your partner is having an affair

·erotomanic: believes another person is in love with them

·grandiose: believes they have a special talent

·persecutory: believes people are plotting against them

·somatic: concerns about bodily dysfunction

schizophreniform: provisional diagnosis

schizoaffective: mood cx + schizophrenia—depressive and bipolar type

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Etiology of schizophrenia

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·genetics

·pregnancy/birth complications

·neurochemical abnormalities (DA hypothesis)

·brain abnormalities

·environmental/stress

·family dynamics

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Treatmeant for schizophrenia

Back 26

anti-psychotics

cognitive restructuring therapy

token economies (behavioral modification)

working w/ patients that have psychosis: recognize symptoms and acknowledge them as hallucinations/delusions. Show you genuinely understand its real for them, but let them know that you don't believe it (empathy)

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Insanity defense

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legal term

could the person tell difference b/w right or wrong at the time of the crime?

Do they belong in a prison or mental hospital?

is the person competent to stand trial?

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personality

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an attempt to describe who you are

the way you go about your daily life

i.e.: behavior, identity, attitudes

OCEAN: Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

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categories of personality disorders

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1. odd, eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

2. dramatic, emotional, erratic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

3. anxious, fearful: avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive

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Paranoid PD

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·Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness in others

·"People are out to get me!"

Tend to be: antagonistic, highly guarded, emotionally withdrawn

causes: physically abusive family; child is BAD; trust needs not met

defenses: projection and denial

treatment: earn their trust and help them view world more accurately

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Schizoid PD

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Emotionally detached w/ no interest in relationships

tend to be: loners, passive, indifferent

causes: very abusive and neglectful family; learned that their neediness drives away other people

defenses: withdrawal and intellectualization

treatment: very difficult, but try to connect and show that its okay

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Schizotypal PD

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Eccentric behavior, appearance and thinking

tend to be: anxious, suspicious, socially awkward

causes: history of massive abuse; chaotic and isolated up-bringing

defenses: ideas of reference and magical thinking

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Antisocial PD

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·"Psychopath" or "sociopath"

·desregard for others' rights

·lack of remorse

tend to be: deceitful (*can be charming*), impulsive, aggressive

causes: combination of factors

defenses: identification with the aggressor

treatment: possibly group therapy

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Borderline PD

Back 34

Unstable relationships & behavior

tend to be: volatile, impulsive, self-destructive, INTENSE emotionally

causes: unreliable/inconsistent attachment; sexual abuse; unempathetic parents; stressful and choatic environment, abandonment

defenses: splitting, acting out emotions, projection

treatment: be a "constant object", DBT; emotional regularion

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Histrionic PD

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Need for attention by superficial emotions

tend to be: flirtatious/seductive, drama-queens, "damsel in distress"

2 types:

1. appearance

2. somatic complaints

causes: insecure attachments, not enough attention

defenses: repression

treatment: non-reactive engagement and reflection/interpretation of transference

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Narcissistic PD

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·Superficial "self-love"

·easily offended

·seemingly unaware of others and their feelings

causes: lack of affirmation as a child, they didn't feel special, emotionally neglected by parents or valued for external qualities

defenses: grandiosity, idealize self, devalue others

treatment: empathize and increase self-awareness

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Avoidant PD

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·Pathological shyness

·They want relationships, but are sure they will be rejected and disliked

causes: painful childhood experiences involving extreme shame

defenses: withdrawal, "escape into fantasy"

treatment: be warm and accepting (and patient)

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Dependent PD

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·Feel they cannot function on their own

tend to be: clingy, needy, incompetent (despite being competent)

causes: anxiety over independent, adult role; enmeshed family

defenses: regression, identification, idealization

treatment: avoid codependence and care-taker role; increase patient's initiative; focus on maladaptiveness of dependency style

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Obsessive-compulsive PD

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·"Perfectionism"

·extreme need for order, control and organization

·lack of distress/awareness

tend to be: pack-rats, stingy, over-achievers

causes: cold parents who coerce child to perform, be correct and follow the rules (punished for imperfection, rarely rewarded for success) punishment=guilt

defenses: reaction formation, undoing, isolation of affect

treatment: flexibility; you don't have to be perfect; humor

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Take-home message?

Back 40

·Relating to people with PDs is very difficult, if not IMPOSSIBLE

·Understand where the behavior comes from

·Don't blame yourself

·Working w/ them in therapy requires a lot of empathy and patience