Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Phylum Annelida has how many species?
|
Greater than 12,000
|
|
|
Annelids may make up the greatest biomass in?
|
Tampa Bay
|
|
|
Annelids are?
|
Usually small
|
|
|
The largest annelid?
|
An earth worm in Australia that was 3 m
|
|
|
Annelids...
|
Are marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
|
|
|
Sand reefs are formed from?
|
Annelids
|
|
|
Name the four annelid characteristics.
|
1.) Chitinous bristles called setae
2.) High degree of metamerism 3.) Segments are created by transverse septa, derived from mesoderm 4.) Possess excretory organs called metanephridia |
|
|
The chitinous bristles or setae are?
|
1.) On all segments but first
2.) Used to provide traction with substrate (There are exceptions) |
|
|
Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirundinea have how many setae?
|
Polychaeta - many setae
Oligochaeta - few setae Hirundinea - no setae |
|
|
What is metamerism?
|
Serial repetition of organ systems in body segments arranged in a linear series along an anterior - posterior axis
|
|
|
Organ systems include?
|
Appendages, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, coelom, and excretory system. These are all repeated in each segment.
|
|
|
Other organisms have metamerism but no where to the extent of annelids. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
Some segments have been fused to...
|
Form one specialized segment
|
|
|
What is an example of this fused specialized segment?
|
Prostomiun which bears eyes, antennae, palps (feeding structures), and brain
|
|
|
Segments are created by transverse septa derived from mesoderm...
|
The transverse are complete so they divide the coelom into compartments so each segment has it's own coelomic fluid
|
|
|
This coelomic fluid...
|
Acts as a hydroskeleton
|
|
|
Why can coelomic fluid act as a hydroskeleton?
|
Under pressure, incompressible fluid
|
|
|
There are two types of muscles which are?
|
Circular muscle and longitudinal muscle
|
|
|
When circulars contract and longitudinal relax...
|
Lengthening of segment
|
|
|
When circulars relax and longitudinal contract...
|
The segment shortens and fattens
|
|
|
Each segment could be...
|
Contracting and relaxing differently
|
|
|
Why is this an energy efficient way of moving?
|
Since the coelomic fluid is retained in each septa it doesn't bulge anteriorly or posteriorly
|
|
|
The cuticle of an annelid...
|
Is secreted by the epidermis and is water and gas permeable
|
|
|
The excretory organs or metanephridia...
|
1.) Opens into the coelom by ciliated funnel called nephrostome and to exterior by a nephridiopore
2.) Coelomic fluid is drawn into nephrostome 3.) Ultrafilitration is modified in a ciliated duct called the metanephridial tubule by selective reabsorption by molecules across blood vessels |
|
|
In annelids ultrafilitration occurs across blood vessel walls. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
What is ultrafilitration?
|
Process where molecules are forced through a semipermeable membrane where some molecules (Salts, amino acids, water) are reabsorbed and others (Metabolic wastes) are secreted into the lumen of tubule, the urine is released via nephridiopores
|
|
|
What are major groups of Phylum Annelida?
|
1.) Class Polychaeta
2.) Class Clitellata - Subclass Oligochaeta - Subclass Hirundinea 3.) Echiura Sipuncula |
|
|
Echiura and Sipuncula...
|
Used to be a plyla but some molecular evidence points they are near to Polychaeta but it is unresolved.
|
|
|
Echiura...
|
Frilly feeding structure on top of fleshy musculature, "penis worm"
|
|
|
Sipuncula...
|
In soft sediment or between rocks, "peanut worm"
|
|
|
Both Echiura and Sipuncula...
|
1.) Marine
2.) U-shaped burrows 3.) Adults are not segmented |
|
|
Class Polychaeta has?
|
8,000 species
|
|
|
Class Polychaeta includes?
|
Marine segmented worms and deep sea tube worms
|
|
|
Class Polychaeta possess?
|
Paddle-like appendages called parapodia, which extend from body segments
|
|
|
Parapodia are?
|
Paddle-like appendages
|
|
|
Parapodia...
|
1.) Laternally compressed
2.) Biramous (Two branched) |
|
|
What are the two branches of the parapodia?
|
1.) Notopodium - upper lobe, dorsal
2.) Neuropodium - lower lobe, ventral |
|
|
What is a acicula?
|
A chitinous support rod in the parapodia
|
|
|
What is the function of the parapodia?
|
Locomotion
|
|
|
What forms of locomotion?
|
Crawling, swimming, modified as hooks or uncini (Help grip inner walls of burrow)
|
|
|
Which polchaetes have the most developed parapodia?
|
Active crawlers
|
|
|
The morphology of parapodia is...
|
Dependent on habitat
|
|
|
The prostomium is very elaborate with sensory and feeding structures. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
Polychaetes are what type of feeders?
|
Raptorial or carnivorous with reversible pharynx, deposit feeding, suspension/filter feeding
|
|
|
The reversible pharynx...
|
Bears 2 or more jaws, has jaws on end of pharynx that are tucked inside then pops out (Like a blow up latex glove)
|
|
|
Nonselective deposit feeding is?
|
Taking organic material from sediment, their ingesting both sediment and organic material
|
|
|
Nonselective deposit feeding leaves...
|
Psuedofeces
|
|
|
What is psudofeces?
|
Processed sediment left by organism
|
|
|
An example of nonselective deposit feeding?
|
Lug worm - Arenicola
|
|
|
What is selective deposit feeding?
|
Separates organic and sediment before getting to mouth, have elaborate tentacles
|
|
|
What is an example of selective deposit feeding?
|
Cirratulus cirratus
|
|
|
Suspension or filter feeding?
|
1.) Organism is sessile
2.) Radial arrangement of filtration structures |
|
|
What is the most common feeding structure in Tampa Bay?
|
Deposit feeders
|
|
|
Respiration...
|
1.) Most have gills on body surface (Anything that lives in tubes will have external gills)
2.) Some have modified parapodia (For diffusion and gas exchange) |
|
|
Class Polychaeta has _______ circulation.
|
Closed
|
|
|
The ventral and dorsal blood vessels...
|
1.) Dorsal blood vessels -> anterior
2.) Ventral blood vessels -> posterior |
|
|
Some vessels...
|
Are very muscular which can pump blood and keep it moving
|
|
|
Parapodia...
|
Have a lot of vessels which is why they sometimes are used for respiration
|
|
|
Class Clitellata has?
|
Clitellum
|
|
|
What is a clitellum?
|
Anterior, thickened/swollen, contains many glands that secrete mucus, which is used for copulation and producing a cocoon
|
|
|
What is in this cocoon?
|
This is where baby "earthworms" for example come from
|
|
|
Subclass Oligochaeta...
|
1.) Terrestrial/freshwater (Very few marine)
2.) Segmentation best developed 3.) Simple prostomium 4.) Few setae, no parapodia |
|
|
Since Class Oligochaeta has no parapodia...
|
Have to rely on peristaltic contractions for movement
|
|
|
Subclass Hirundinea are best known as the...
|
Leeches
|
|
|
Subclass Hirundinea...(4)
|
1.) Lack setae
2.) Lack parapodia 3.) Segmentation reduced 4.) Ectoparasitic |
|
|
Since Subclass Hirundinea lack parapodia...
|
1.) Move by oral and posterior suckers (Think slinky)
2.) Can swim (Wavy way to swim) |
|
|
Subclass Hirundinea has...
|
A fixed number of segments which is 32
|
|
|
Ectoparasitic...(4)
|
1.) Oral sucker surrounds mouth
2.) Feed exclusively on blood 3.) Can detect host through temperatures, then attach onto host from sucker, secretes anesthetic (To keep from feeling it), then hirundin - anticoagulant 4.) Jaws are made to cut flesh |
|
|
The jaws of Subclass Hirundinea...
|
1.) Jaws have 100's of teeth
2.) Usually 3 jaws |
|
|
Phylum Arthopoda...(7)
|
1.) Is the largest phyla of Erath
2.) 75% of animal species are arthropods 3.) 3 times more arthropods then all the other phyla combined 4.) Can colonize every niche in a variety of habitats 5.) Very diverse 6.) 1 million species described 7.) Can be many more to be described |
|
|
Trilobites...
|
Exhibit almost all Arthropoda characteristics and the fossil record is very good because the exoskeleton is made of chitin
|
|
|
Similarities of Arthropoda with Annelida? (5)
|
1.) Disappearance of segments
2.) Fusion of segments into specialized regions 3.) Layout of nervous system is similar 4.) Embryonic development 5.) Each segment bears appendages |
|
|
The fusion of segments into specialized regions is called?
|
Tagmatization
|
|
|
An example of tagmatization?
|
Crustaceans and insects have 3 tagmata; head, thorax, and abdomen
|
|
|
Layout of nervous system is similar...
|
1.) Dorsal anterior brain
2.) Ventral nerve cord (Ganglia swellings in each segment) |
|
|
Embryonic development...
|
1.) Spiral cleavage
2.) Determinate development 3.) Adult mouth forms from blastopore (Protostomous) 4.) Coelom from schizocoely Protostomes |
|
|
Each segment bears appendages...
|
Segmented, articulate with body (joints)
|
|
|
What are the two types of appendages on the segments?
|
1.) Biramous - branched (Ex. Crustaceans)
2.) Uniramous - unbranched (Ex. Insects) |
|
|
Phylum Onychophora is often called?
|
The missing link between Annelida and Arthropoda
|
|
|
Phylum Onychophora...
|
Very small, ~100 species
|
|
|
Phylum Onychophora bears these annelid features...(3)
|
1.) Appendages not jointed
2.) One pair of excretory organs per segment 3.) Similar muscular organization |
|
|
Phylum Onychophora bears these arthropod features...(4)
|
1.) Cuticle of chitin
2.) Arthropod-like mouth parts 3.) Some striated muscles 4.) Hemocoel (Open circulation) |
|
|
What are the distinguishing Arthropoda characteristics? (4)
|
1.) Chitinous exoskeleton
2.) Jointed segmented appendages 3.) Striated muscle 4.) Ecdysis |
|
|
The chitinous exosketon is?
|
Made of strong protein (Chitin)
|
|
|
The chitinous exoskeleton function is? (3)
|
1.) Protection
2.) Support (For organ systems) 3.) Movement |
|
|
What is the hardening elements of the chitinous exoskeleton?
|
1.) Calcium carbonate
2.) Sclerotization |
|
|
What is sclerotization?
|
Formation of cross linkages between protein chains
|
|
|
The chinitous exoskeleton is also...
|
1.) Secreted by the epidermis
2.) Lines the digestive tract |
|
|
What are the parts of the chitinous exoskeleton? (3)
|
1.) Epicuticle
2.) Exocuticle 3.) Endocuticle |
|
|
The epicuticle...
|
3%, waxy because of lipoproteins impermeable to water and gas
|
|
|
The exocuticle is...
|
Pigmented
|
|
|
The endocuticle...
|
Has a calcified and uncalcified part
|
|
|
The exocuticle and endocuticle...
|
Are the procuticle
|
|
|
Jointed segmented appendages...
|
1.) Thin ares of procuticle are points of articulation
2.) Pair of muscles connect segment and allow for movement |
|
|
What are these pair of muscles?
|
1.) Flexor
2.) Extensor muscle |
|
|
Striated muscle...
|
Faster contraction time (Contraction is both one movement of contraction and relaxation)
|
|
|
Which invertebrate has the fastest reaction time?
|
Insects
|
|
|
Ecdysis is?
|
Molting or shedding of the old exoskeleton
|
|
|
What is exuvium?
|
The molted exoskeleton
|
|
|
Arthropods will do what with the exuvium?
|
They will usually eat the exuvium
|
|
|
How does the growth of an arthropod appear?
|
It looks like steps
|
|
|
Is this actually how the growth is?
|
This is only how growth appears but this is not how an arthropod grows, growth is always occurring
|
|
|
So how does an arthropod grow?
|
Grows in four stages of molt cycle
|
|
|
What are these four stages?
|
1.) Pre-ecdysis
2.) Ecdysis 3.) Post-ecdysis 4.) Intermolt |
|
|
Pre-ecdysis...
|
1.) Is the preparatory stage
2.) Consists of accumulation of food reserves and rise in blood calcium (Release of stored Ca2+) |
|
|
Ecdysis...
|
The shedding of the exoskeleton which is faster then the post-ecdysis phase
|
|
|
Post-ecdysis...
|
Calcification and hardening of new exoskeleton
|
|
|
Intermolt...
|
Between molts
|
|
|
What are the steps in preparation for molting? (6)
|
1.) Epidermis secretes proenzymes (Will eventually digest the old cuticle)
2.) Epidermis secretes a new epicuticle and molting cuticle (Molting fluid) 3.) Proenzymes are activated and begin to digest endocuticle, products are absorbed by new epicuticle 4.) As old endocuticle is broken down, new procuticle is secreted beneath the new epicuticle 5.) Predetermined lines in the molted body will break for arthopod to crawl out 6.) New exoskeleton is soft and wrinkled |
|
|
Why does their have to be a molting cuticle or molting fluid?
|
To separate new exoskeleton and old
|
|
|
Why is the new exoskeleton soft and wrinkled?
|
It's larger and was stuck in small encasement of molted body and CaCO3 must be added so the body will harden
|
|
|
How is the new exoskeleton stretched out?
|
Terrestrial invertebrates uptake air and aquatic invertebrates uptake water
|
|
|
Depending on time when limb severed, animal can regenerate limbs through molting. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
What is a terminal molt?
|
A certain number of moltings before the animal stops molting all together and calcium carbonate accumulates at this point
|
|
|
What is an example of having terminal molts?
|
Not all arthropods have this but spider crabs are known to
|
|
|
The molt cycle is controlled by?
|
Hormones
|
|
|
These hormones are produced by?
|
The Y organ and the X organ
|
|
|
The Y organ...
|
Is located in the head and produces ecdysone which promotes production of a new cuticle
|
|
|
What triggers the production of ecdysone?
|
Another hormone in the brain
|
|
|
The X organ...
|
Or sinus gland is located in the eye stalks and produces a hormone that inhibits ecdysis
|
|
|
The inhibiting hormone...
|
Is always produced in intermolt then once getting ready to do ecdysis the inhibiting hormone is not produced
|
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda is made up up which subphyla? (3)
|
1.) Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
2.) Subphylum Chelicerata 3.) Subphylum Mandibulata |
|
|
Subphylum Chelicerata is made up of which classes? (3)
|
1.) Class Merostomata: Horseshoe crabs
2.) Class Arachnida: Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites 3.) Class Pycnogonida: Sea spiders |
|
|
Subphylum Mandibulata is made up of which classes? (3)
|
1.) Class Myriapoda: Centipedes, millipedes
2.) Class Insecta (Hexapoda): True bugs, butterflies, wasps, ect... 3.) Class Crustacea |
|
|
Class Crustacea is made up of which subclasses? (4)
|
1.) Subclass Malacostraca: Isopods, amphipods, krill, crabs, shrimp, lobsters, hermit crabs
2.) Subclass Branchiopoda: Fairy shrimp, water shrimp, brine shrimp ("Sea monkeys") 3.) Subclass Copepoda: Copepods 4.) Subclass Cirripedia |
|
|
Subclass Cirripedia is made up of which orders?
|
Order Thoracia: Free-living barnacles
Order Rhizocephala: Parasitic barnacles |
|
|
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha...(3)
|
1.) 24,000 species but not sure
2.) 240 mya went extinct 3.) 600 mya fossil record |
|
|
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha has __________ appendages.
|
biramous or branched, found on every segment and are uniform appendages
|
|
|
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha contains organisms that?
|
Are swimmers, pelagic, or burrowers
|
|
|
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha has a _____________ appearance.
|
3 lobed
|
|
|
This 3 lobed appearance includes?
|
1.) Cephalon - head region
2.) Segmented trunk or lateral lobe - body 3.) Medial lobe - raised on top of head and body |
|
|
Subphylum Chelicerata...(5)
|
1.) 2 tegmata (Body regions)
2.) Lack antennae 3.) 1st pair of feeding structures - cheliceral 4.) 2nd pair of feeding structures - pedipalp 5.) Four pairs of walking legs |
|
|
In Subphylum Chelicerata, what are the two parts of the tegmata?
|
1.) Prosoma (Anterior)
2.) Opisthosoma (Posterior) |
|
|
Class Merostomata has?
|
1.) 600 mya fossil record
2.) Horseshoe crabs 3.) Only 4 species |
|
|
These four species...
|
Ex. Limulus polyphemus, the other three are in Asia
|
|
|
Class Merostomata are...
|
Omnivores
|
|
|
Class Merostomata has a telson which is?
|
Tail spine that helps turn them back over
|
|
|
Class Merostomata...
|
Has a simple eye located on the prostoma
|
|
|
Class Merostomata's fifth leg...
|
Has no pinchers, not sure what function it has
|
|
|
Class Merostomata has a gnathobase which is?
|
First segment of walking legs, used to crush prey
|
|
|
On Class Merostomata's opisthosoma...(3)
|
1.) First pair of segments for reproduction
2.) Other five for gas exchange 3.) These make up the book gills which are also used for swimming |
|
|
Subphylum Mandibulata's, Class Crustacea has...
|
1.) 38,000 species
2.) 84% of those are marine, 13% are freshwater, 3% are terrestrial |
|
|
Class Crustacea has...
|
3 tegmata
|
|
|
The 3 tegmata are?
|
1.) Head
2.) Thorax 3.) Abdomen |
|
|
The head and the thorax make up?
|
Cephalothorax
|
|
|
Class Crustacea's head appendages...
|
Are in 5 pairs
|
|
|
These five pairs are?
|
1.) 1st pair of antennae - always together, short
2.) 2nd pair of antannae - long 3.) Mandibles - stout jaw, to crush prey and move them into mouth 4.) 1st pair of maxillae 5.) 2nd pair of maxillae |
|
|
The first and second pair of maxillae...
|
Sort food and deliver it to mandible
|
|
|
The thorax has...
|
Thoracopods - 8 pairs
|
|
|
These 8 pairs of thoracopods are?
|
1.) 1st 3 pair are called maxillipeds - food sorting
2.) Other 5 pairs are pereopods - for locomotion |
|
|
The first pair of pereopods...
|
Is modified into pinchers called cheliped
|
|
|
The enlarged pincher is usually for?
|
Defense
|
|
|
The carapace is?
|
Shield that covers body
|
|
|
What is the anterior part of the carapace?
|
Rostrum
|
|
|
The abdominal appendages include?
|
1.) Pleopods - For swimming, jumping, respiration, brooding eggs, and copulation
2.) Last 3 segments are uropods 3.) Then the telson which bears the anus |
|
|
All these appendages are biramous...
|
1.) Endopodite
2.) Exopodite |
|
|
Crab morphology?
|
Abdomen of shrimp but folded under cephalothorax
|
|
|
Since the abdomen is shifted...
|
1.) It shifts the center of gravity
2.) Head and thorax combined into cephalothorax which is covered by a carapace |
|
|
In crab morphology...(3)
|
1.) No uropods
2.) Pleopods modified for reproduction 3.) Carapace is broad dorsal-ventral flattened |
|
|
What is brooding in crabs?
|
Using pleopods to pick up sand particles away from eggs and clean
|
|
|
What is ovigerous?
|
Egg bearing
|
|
|
A female crab will...
|
Shake abdomen to release larvae
|
|
|
The crab larva are called?
|
Zoea
|
|
|
There are four stages from...
|
Zoea to megalops
|
|
|
What is a megalops?
|
Juvenile crab
|
|
|
Class Crustacea's, Subclass Cirripedia...
|
1.) Only sessile crustaceans
2.) 900 species |
|
|
Subclass Cirripedia's 900 species...
|
1.) 2/3 are free-living - Order Thoracica
2.) 1/3 are parasitic - Order Rhizocephala |
|
|
Order Thoracica...(5)
|
1.) 6 calcareous plates
2.) Covered by operculum 3.) Cirri - modified thoracic appendages 4.) No abdomen 5.) Hermaphroditic - both male and female reproductive organs (Penis can extend out to female to deposit sperm) |
|
|
Reproduction of Order Thoracica? (4)
|
1.) Once sperm deposited, egg fertilized internally
2.) Then larvae released - nauplius 3.) Nauplius will molt several times turning into a cypris 4.) The cypris will settle then metamorphose into adult |
|
|
Order Rhizocephala...(5)
|
1.) Parasitize other crustaceans
2.) Looks nothing like free-living barnacle 3.) No segmentation 4.) No appendages 5.) No gut |
|
|
The adult rhizocephalian...
|
1.) Interna - root-like network
2.) Externa - Contain female reproductive organs |
|
|
Rhizocephalian pathology...(4)
|
1.) Molting of host is inhibited
2.) Parasitic castration 3.) Alteration of host behavior 4.) Feminization of male host |
|
|
How does the host behave differently?
|
The adult arthropod will perform spawning and grooming behavior even males
|
|
|
How is the male host feminized?
|
Abdomen grows in influence from parasite
|
|
|
In the deuterostomes, the lophorates possess...(5)
|
1.) Lophophore
2.) U-shaped gut 3.) Simple, transient reproductive organs 4.) Secrete outer casting 5.) Exclusively marine and benthic |
|
|
What is a lophophore?
|
Circular or horseshoe shape feeding structure that encircles the mouth and bares numerous ciliated tenacles, anus located outside of tentacle ring
|
|
|
The tentacles are...
|
"Hollow," they contain coelomic fluid
|
|
|
The cilia...
|
Create certain pattern of water flow to trap food
|
|
|
The huge surface area...
|
Also flushes waste out and aids in gas exchange
|
|
|
Simple, transient reproduction organs implies...
|
Only have organs when they are going to reproduce, other times they just disappear
|
|
|
What is the casting that is secreted?
|
Proteinous covering, shell, or some kind of covering
|
|
|
What phyla are known to be colonizing? (3)
|
1.) Phylum Phoronida
2.) Phylum Bryozoa 3.) Phylum Brachiopoda |
|
|
What is a colony?
|
Composed of member zooids or modules, which are physiologically connected
|
|
|
Colonies are considered...
|
1.) A genetic unit
2.) Some colonies are polymorphic |
|
|
What is polymorphic?
|
Zooids have specialized function
Ex. Feeding, reproduction, defense |
|
|
Colonial growth?
|
There is indeterminate growth so no finite (specific) size or shape
Ex. Hydriods, anthozoans, turnicates, and bryozoans |
|
|
Colony formation?
|
1.) Budding
2.) Fission 3.) Fragmentation |
|
|
Budding?
|
Orderly asexual reproduction, buds from parental zooids wall
Ex. Hydriods, bryozoans |
|
|
Fission?
|
Division of an organism into 2 or more organisms
Ex. Bryozoans |
|
|
Fragmentation?
|
Zooid or group of zooids break off from existing colony
Ex. Coral |
|
|
Mortality - colony vs. solitary?
|
Colony - Low
Solitary - High |
|
|
Size - colony vs. solitary?
|
Colony - Large
Solitary - Small |
|
|
Longevity - colony vs. solitary?
|
Colony - Long
Solitary - Short |
|
|
Fecundity (# of young produced by individual) - colony vs. solitary?
|
Colony - Low (Very long life history so they don't have to make so many larvae at once)
Solitary - High |
|
|
Regeneration - colony vs. solitary?
|
Colony - High
Solitary - Low |
|
|
Potential to dominate - colony vs. solitary?
|
Colony - High in stable environment
Solitary - High potential in less stable environment |
|
|
Phylum Bryozoa...
|
1.) Has 5,000 species
2.) 15,000 specie fossil record |
|
|
Characteristics of Phylum Bryozoa...(7)
|
1.) All sessile colonies
2.) Asexual budding 3.) Hermaphroditic with transient reproductive organs 4.) Outer covering - gelatinous, chitinous, calcareous 5.) Variable morphologies 6.) Zooids interconnected 7.) Marine (Few fresh water), fouling communities |
|
|
Variable morphologies include?
|
Flat and encrusting to erect and branching
|
|
|
Zooids interconnected...
|
Share coelom or connected by tubular tissue called funiculus, they do not share a digestive tract though
|
|
|
What are fouling communities?
|
Live by man-made structures or other organisms
|
|
|
Polymorphic colonies zooids...
|
1.) Autozooids - bear the lophophore, primarily feeding and digestion
2.) Heterozooids - all other zooids |
|
|
Heterozooids include? (3)
|
1.) Kenozooids - zooids modified for attachment to substrate
2.) Avicularia - Has movable jaw/mandible, defense and cleans from debris 3.) Vibraculum - Modified operculum (Opening of bryozoan) that sweeps colony surface |
|
|
The body structure of a bryozoan...(3)
|
1.) Has a box or cystid that houses all parts inside
2.) Opening covered by flap-like structure called operculum 3.) All movable parts are the polypide (Lophophore, gut, muscle, funiculus, ect.) |
|
|
Phylum Brachiopoda has?
|
1.) 300 species
2.) 30,000 specie fossil record |
|
|
Phylum Brachiopoda...(3)
|
1.) 2 piece valve: dorsal - ventral
2.) Mantle, mantle cavity 3.) Lophophore - spiraled or looped |
|
|
The 2 piece valve of Phylum Brachiopoda...
|
Is due to convergence not a evolutionary origin with Bivalvia
|
|
|
Habit - Articulata vs. Inarticulata?
|
Articulata - Attached to hard substrates
Inarticulata - Burrows |
|
|
Tooth and socket hinges - Articulata vs. Inarticulata?
|
Articulata - Present
Inarticulata - Absent |
|
|
Pedicle - Articulata vs. Inarticulata?
|
Articulata - Present, emerges in hole in ventral valve
Inarticulata - Present, emerges from between two valves |
|
|
Lophophore supports - Articulata vs. Inarticulata?
|
Articulata - Brachidium
Inarticulata - Absent |
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata has?
|
1.) 6,500 species
2.) 13,000 specie fossil record Largest invertebrate deuterostome group |
|
|
Phylum Echinodermata is also? (3)
|
1.) Marine
2.) Benthic 3.) Sister group to Chordata |
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata? (4)
|
1.) Adults possess pentamerous radial symmetry
2.) Internal skeleton 3.) Mutable connective tissue or catch tissue 4.) Network of fluid filled canals that terminate in tube feet - water vascular system |
|
|
Adults possess pentamerous radial symmetry...(6)
|
1.) 5 point
2.) Arranged around central axis 3.) Oral/aboral surface 4.) Lack cephalization 5.) Larvae are bilateral 6.) Derived from bilateral ancestor |
|
|
Internal skeleton...
|
Dermis which is collagenous collective tissue
|
|
|
In the dermis...
|
Calcareous ossicles are embedded
|
|
|
These calareous ossicles are made up of...(3)
|
1.) CaCO3, up to 95%
2.) Magnesium carbonate, up to 15% 3.) Small amounts of salts and true metals |
|
|
The dermis varies in rigidity...(3)
|
1.) Rigid tests - ossicles are fused together (Ex. Sea urchins)
2.) Articulated skeleton - ossicles articulate (Ex. Brittle star) 3.) Pliable soft body - ossicles scattered in dermis (Ex. Sea cucumber) |
|
|
The mutable connective tissue or catch tissue...
|
Voluntarily change stiffness of connective tissue
|
|
|
Softening of connective tissue...
|
Casting off rays by depolymerizing the tissue at a breaking point, for escape from a predator
|
|
|
Hardening of connective tissue...
|
Usually sea stars during feeding, sea cucumber defense
|
|
|
Network of fluid filled canals that terminate in tube feet?
|
Is not coelomic fluid
|
|
|
What is the function of these fluid filled canals that end in the tube feet? (3)
|
1.) Feeding
2.) Respiration 3.) Locomotion |
|
|
What is the pathway for this fluid filled canals? (4)
|
1.) Fluid enters madreporite (aboral, porous, ciliated, and off center)
2.) Descend to oral surface the stone canal 3.) To the ring canal which encircles the gut 4.) Finally coming into the radial canals in each ray |
|
|
The ring canal contains...
|
1.) Tiedemann's bodies
2.) Polian vesicles |
|
|
What are Tiedemann's bodies?
|
5 pairs, contain phagocytes to remove wastes and harmful material
|
|
|
What are polian vesicles?
|
5 of them, reservoir sacks, that can store excess fluid
|
|
|
The radial canals in each ray...(5)
|
1.) There are 5
2.) Are lateral 3.) One way valve 4.) Terminate in a sac called the ampulla 5.) That leads to tube feet |
|
|
The ampulla?
|
Holds excess fluid
|
|
|
What is the fluid used in this system and what does it contain?
|
Sea water which contains potassium, salts, proteins, amino acids, and cells
|
|
|
What are the four major classes in Phylum Echinodermata? (4)
|
1.) Class Crinoidea - Sea lilies, feather stars
2.) Class Stellaroidea 3.) Class Echinoidea - Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars 4.) Class Holothuroidea |
|
|
Class Stellaroidea has...
|
1.) Subclass Asteroidea - Sea stars
2.) Concentricycloidea - Sea daises 3.) Subclass Ophiuroidea - brittle stars, basket stars |
|
|
Concentricycloidea?
|
Newly or recently discovered, usually in deep waters (1000 m), associated with submerged wood, only 1 cm in diameter, and only a few species
|
|
|
Class Crinoidea? (4)
|
1.) ~600 species
2.) 5,000 fossilized species 3.) One of the oldest groups of Echinodermata 4.) Live in deep water - Coast of Australia - Great Barrier Reef |
|
|
Class Crinoidea can be?
|
1.) Stalked - sessile (Ex. Sea lilies)
2.) Unstalked - pelagic (Ex. Sea butterflies) |
|
|
The rays of Class Crinoidea are?
|
Atriculated, have ossicles that allows for this (Flexes)
|
|
|
The rays...
|
Have ciliated ambulacral grooves
|
|
|
On the rays there are also?
|
Pinnules and tube feet which collect food
|
|
|
On the stalk there is...
|
A calyx with a mouth that has the rays on it
|
|
|
On the unstalked organisms of Class Crinoidea...
|
The calyx still has the rays but there is no stalk but cirri that articulate
|
|
|
Class Stellaroidea's, Subclass Asteroidea...
|
1.) 1,500 species
2.) Are the sea stars |
|
|
Subclass Asteroidea possess?
|
1.) Disk
2.) Anus 3.) Madreporite - sieve 4.) Ambulacral groove 5.) Mouth |
|
|
On the external part of the organism there are? (3)
|
1.) Spines
2.) Papula 3.) Pedicellaria |
|
|
What is the papula?
|
A small bump on the external surface of the sea star that has a smaller layer of epidermis on it, it aids in gas exchange
|
|
|
What is the pedicellaria?
|
Keeps the surface of the animal clean
|
|
|
Feeding biology...
|
Mouth -> Short esophagus -> Cardiac stomach (Large) -> Pyloric stomach -> Pyloric cecum -> Intestine -> Anus on aboral side
|
|
|
The pyloric cecum...
|
Makes digestive enzymes, in each ray there are two ceca
|
|
|
Some species can...
|
Expel cardiac stomach so digestion can start on the outside
|
|
|
Other species...
|
Eat animal whole
|
|
|
All sea stars are?
|
Carnivorous
|
|
|
Subclass Ophiuroidea has...
|
1.) ~2,000 species
2.) Are the brittle stars and basket stars |
|
|
Subclass Ophiuroidea...(5)
|
1.) Long flexible rays, off-center from disk
2.) Locomotion by "rowing" - 2 rays row the other 3 drag 3.) Ossicles articulate 4.) Lack ambulacral groove 5.) Lack ampullae |
|
|
Class Holothuroidea has...
|
1.) ~900 species
2.) Are the sea cucumbers |
|
|
Class Holothuroidea...(4)
|
1.) Burrow in sediments, crevice or cracks in reefs, or pelagic
2.) Tend to be soft bodied 3.) Most are nocturnal 4.) Bilateral symmetry on top of pentamerous symmetry (So some degree of cephalization) |
|
|
Sea cucumbers are?
|
Nonselective deposit feeders
|
|
|
Physical characteristics of sea cucumber...(6)
|
1.) Buccal tentacles (Modified tube feet)
2.) Mouth 3.) Tube feet 4.) Digestive tract (Gut) 5.) Respiratory trees 6.) Cloaca |
|
|
Water comes through...
|
Cloaca and into respiratory trees
|
|
|
Since fresh water is being brought into cloaca...
|
Fish can live in cloaca to hide
Ex. Pearl fish and pea crabs |
|
|
Ossicles...
|
Come in various morphologies - very important taxonomic character
|
|
|
The coelom in a sea cucumber...
|
Uses coelom to help work against scattered ossicles
|
|
|
There are only _______ longitudinal muscles in a sea cucumber.
|
Five
|
|
|
Sea cucumbers can undergo...
|
Evisceration
|
|
|
What is evisceration?
|
Expelling viscera or internal organs, can expel all internal organs
|
|
|
What are the two theories of evisceration?
|
1.) Defense mechanism
2.) Seasonal |
|
|
Why can evisceration be though to be a defense mechanism?
|
Eviscerate then predator has something to feed on as sea cucumber escapes, some say there is a distasteful chemical that animals learn to avoid
|
|
|
Why can evisceration be though to be seasonal?
|
Very species dependent, but doesn't need organs during low productivity times like winter
|
|
|
Class Echinoidea has...
|
1.) ~950 species
2.) Are the sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchins, and sea biscuits |
|
|
Class Echinoidea...(4)
|
1.) Lack rays
2.) Body spherical, or dorsally - ventrally flattened 3.) Aristotle's lantern 4.) Rigid test |
|
|
The Aristotle's lantern...
|
Scrapes algae, it is very complex with teeth and plates
|
|
|
The rigid test has...
|
1.) Ossicles fused into "puzzle"
2.) 5 double rows with pores, (From ossicles) which tube feet emerge from 3.) 5 double rows (Ossicles without pores) |
|
|
The 5 double rows with pores are called?
|
Ambulacral series
|
|
|
The 5 double rows without pores are called?
|
Interambulacral series
|
|
|
Both double rows are called together?
|
Tubercules
|
|
|
The spines of Class Echinoidea...
|
Are made of fused ossicles at base to help move
|
