Exam 3 Con Bio

Front 1

Any change in allele frequencies in a gene pool is called?

Back 1

evolution

Front 2

Which of the following statements about alleles is FALSE?

Back 2

Alleles are different genes

Front 3

What is true about alleles?

Back 3

-alleles are created by mutations

-different alleles make slightly different proteins with somewhat different functions

-a pair of homologous chromosomes can possess two different alleles

-within an entire species, there can be more than two alleles

Front 4

Heritability is a measurement that estimates the proportion of …

Back 4

Phenotypic variation in a population that can be attributed to differences in genes possessed by individuals

Front 5

A random change in allele frequency over time that is brought about by chance alone is known as?

Back 5

genetic drift

Front 6

What is assisted colonization?

Back 6

also known as assisted migration or managed relocation, is the act of deliberately moving plants or animals to a different habitat.

Front 7

dynamic vs static?

Back 7

dynamic= movement

static= stationary

Front 8

what are the special requirements for protecting small populations?

Back 8

Minimum viable population

-number of individuals necessary to ensure the long-term survival of a species

-3000 to 5000 individuals

-50% chance of pop. surviving 10 years needs atleast 100 individuals

Small populations are more likely to go extinct

Front 9

What is the minimum dynamic area?

Back 9

The area of suitable habitat necessary for maintaining the min. viable population

Front 10

what are the three main reasons that small populations are subject to rapid decline and local extinction?

Back 10

1. loss of genetic variability and related problems of inbreeding depression and genetic drift

2. demographic fluctuations due to random variations in birth and death rates

3. environmental fluctuations due to variation in predation, competition, disease, and food supply and due to natural catastrophes that occur at irregular intervals, such as fires, storms, and droughts

Front 11

alleles

Back 11

different forms of the same gene

Front 12

inbreeding

Back 12

self-fertilization or mating among close relative

Front 13

outbreeding

Back 13

-mating and production of offspring by individuals that are not closely related, such as individuals from diff. pop. of the same species. In general, leads to heterosis

Front 14

what are the three types of genetic drift?

Back 14

bottleneck effect: population greatly reduced in size and loses rare alleles if no individuals possessing those alleles survive and reproduce

founder effect: reduced genetic variability that occurs when a new population is founded by a small number of individuals

Stochastic events: random sampling of gametes

Front 15

Fixation, p=0 or 100%

Back 15

loss of all but one allele at a gene locus

-A fixed allele is an allele that is the only variant that exists for that gene in all the population. A fixed allele is homozygous for all members of the population

Front 16

Genetic drift offset in two ways:

Back 16

mutation: cannot maintain diversity in small populations

immigration: low rates of gene flow will help small populations

Front 17

Inbreeding depression:

Back 17

-increased mortality

-reduced reproduction

Front 18

Outbreeding depression:

Back 18

-depressed fitness in offspring of widely different populations

Front 19

What does Ne stand for?

Back 19

Effective population size

-the number of individuals that an idealized population would need to have in order to behave in a similar manner to the real population

-usually less than breeding adults

-

Front 20

unequal sex ratio vs conservation implication

Back 20

-sex biased harvests

-climate change and sex determination

Front 21

Allele effects:

Back 21

-social interactions disrupted once density falls below a certain level: herds/flocks unable to find food

-Exacerbates already low population: birthrate declines, density declines more, and unequal sex ratio

Front 22

Extinction rortex:

Back 22

-small populations

-creates inbreeding & genetic drift

-loss of genetic variability

-reduciton in individuals fitness and pop. adaptability

- lower reproduction and higher mortality

-even smaller population

Front 23

what is a keystone species?

Back 23

- a species which has a disproportionate impact on structures/function of its ecosystem compound to its relative abundance

Front 24

Dr. Wasser states that approximately 50,000 African elephants are killed each year. According to the video, it is estimate at there are around 470,000 African elephants. If these numbers are correct, approximately whatpercentage of African elephants are killed each year? (Show your work.)

Back 24

x= 50,000/470,000= 10.6%

Front 25

In one or two sentences, summarize Dr. Wasser's research and how it is being used to conserve elephants.

Back 25

Identify source populations being poached in order to protect them better

Front 26

what does STR stand for?

Back 26

Shot tandem repeats

Front 27

STRs

Back 27

-made up of nucleotide

- unite, l.E.CTA

- Flanking sequence

Front 28

What is the difference between exotic and invasive species?

Back 28

Exotic species are species that occur outside their natural ranges because of human activity. They do not cause disturbances and rarely become established

Invasive species are species that displace native species through competition for limiting resources, prey upon natives, and may alter the habitat so natives can't.

Only 1% actually become invasive

Front 29

how have many invasives been introduced?

Back 29

-EU colonization

-Ag, horticulture, and aquaculture

-accidental transport

-biological control

Front 30

Example of disrupted food web, by deliberate introduction of opossum shrimp:

Back 30

In Flathead Lake and its tributaries in Montana, the food web was disrupted by the deliberate introduction of opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta). The natural food chain consists of grizzly bears, bald eagles, and lake trout, which all eat kokanee salmon; kokanee eat zoo- plankton (cladocerans and copepods); and zooplankton eat phytoplankton (algae). Opossum shrimp, introduced as a food source for the kokanee salmon, ate so much zooplankton that there was far less food for the kokanee. Kokanee salmon numbers then declined radically, as did the eagle population that relied on the salmon. Eagle and salmon populations remained depressed as of 2014. (After Spencer et al. 1991 and Spencer, personal communication.)

Front 31

what are the top two most exotic species?

Back 31

plants and insects

Front 32

why do some people fear GMO's and what is the hopes scientist have for them?

Back 32

-people fear that GMO crops will harm, birds, insects, soil organisms, and other species, including us, also will they hybridize with other 'weedy' species and create diseases/weeds

-they hope that GMO crops will help cut back on herbicides and pesticides to help improve water quality and healthier animals

Front 33

what are the two ecosystems threatened to extinction mainly by invasive?

Back 33

-islands and waterbodies

Front 34

The introduction of just one exotic species to an island may cause the local extinction of numerous native species:

Back 34

Santa Catalina Island: 48% lost because of the grazing of goats, pigs, and deer. 1/3 of the plant species currently found on the island are exotics. Almost complete removal of goats and pigs from part of the island has led to the reappearance of wildflowers and the regrowth of woodlands

Front 35

Even non exotic species can become invasive:

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Native jellyfish have become far more abundant in the Gulf of Mexico because they use oil rigs and human struc- tures for spawning and feed on plankton blooms stimulated by nitrogen pollution (Duarte et al. 2013).

Front 36

what is genetic swamping?

Back 36

when invasive species hybridize with native species there is a unique genetic loss from the population and taxonomic boundaries may become obscure

Front 37

How do we control invasive species?

Back 37

-land-use practices

-physical removal, trapping, and poisoning

-education

-prevent introduction

Front 38

Three basic principles of epidemiology have obvious practical implications for limiting disease in captive breeding and management of rare species (Scott 1988

Back 38

- a high rate of contact between host and parasite encourages the spread of disease

-indirect effects of habitat destruction increase susceptibility to disease

-species in conservation programs may contract diseases from related species, and even from humans

Front 39

An ideal conservation plan for an endangered species would:

Back 39

protect as many in- dividuals as possible within the greatest possible area of high-quality, protected habitat (Wilhere 2008).

Front 40

What is necessary when protecting small populations?

Back 40

-what is the minimum viable population number

-minimum dynamic area: area suitable habitat necessary for maintaining the MVP

Front 41

what are the three main reasons that small populations have a greater chance of extinction?

Back 41

-loss of genetic variability, inbreeding depression

-demographic fluctuations due to random variations in birth and death rates

-environmental fluctuations due to variation in predation, competition, disease, and food supply and due to natural catastrophes

Front 42

how do alleles arise in a population?

Back 42

-random mutations or through the migration of individuals from other populations

Front 43

what is the effective population size?

Back 43

-the size the population as estimated by the number individuals breeding

H= 1-1[2Ne]

Front 44

what is the 50/500 rule?

Back 44

: isolated populations need to have at least 50 individuals, and preferably 500 individuals, to maintain genetic variability.

Front 45

what is inbreeding depression?

Back 45

: condition that occurs when an individual receives two identical copies of a defective allele from each of its parents

Front 46

hybrid vigor

Back 46

-when the hybrid are more vigorous than their parents, thus outbreeding depression is less concerning

Front 47

The effective population size Ne will be much smaller than the total population size N when

Back 47

:n there is great variation in reproductive output, an unequal sex ratio, or population fluctuations and bottlenecks.

because Ne is talking about breeding individuals, which there are far les

Front 48

population bottleneck:

Back 48

which occurs when a population is greatly reduced in size and loses rare alleles if no individuals possessing those alleles survive and reproduc

Front 49

Founder effect is an example of population bottleneck:

Back 49

when a few individuals leave one population to establish another new population. The new population has less genetic variability than the larger, original population.

Front 50

What contributes to instability in the population size, often leading to local extinction?

Back 50

-Random fluctuations in birth and death rates, disruption of social behavior following decreased population density

Front 51

Allele effect:

Back 51

Interaction among population size, density, growth rate, and behavior

-many small populations once disrupted the population size or density falls below a certain level

Front 52

What is a extinction?

Back 52

small population -> inbreeding -> loss of genetic variation -> more inbreeding -> smaller population -> lower Ne -> extinction

Front 53

SUMMARY

Back 53

1. In many cases, protecting populations is the key to of Conservation Biologyviable population (MVP) size is the smallest population rotecting species from extinction. The minimumsize that can be predicted to have a high chance of persisting for the foreseeable future. The MVP for many species is at least several thousand individuals.

2. Biologists have observed that small populations have a greater tendency to go extinct than large populations. Small populations are subject to a more rapid rate of extinction for three main reasons: loss of genetic variability and related problems of inbreeding depression and genetic drift, demographic fluctuations, and environmental variation or natural catastrophes.

3. Toprotectsmallpopulations,weneedtodeterminethe effective population size, which is a genetic estimate based on the number of individuals that are actually producing offspring. The calculated effective population size is often much lower than simply the number of living individuals because (1) many individuals are notreproducing, (2) there may be an unequal sex ratio, (3) there may be variation among individuals in number of offspring produced, and (4) populations may show large fluctuations in size over time.

4. Variationsinreproductiveandmortalityrates,knownas demographic variation, can cause small populations to fluctuate randomly in size, sometimes leading to extinc- tion. Environmental variation can also cause random fluctuations in population size, with infrequent natural catastrophes sometimes causing major reductions.

5. Once a population’s size has been reduced by habitat destruction, fragmentation, and other human activities, it is even more vulnerable to random fluctuations in size and eventual extinction. The combined effects of demographic variation, environmental variation, and loss of genetic variability on small populations create an extinction vortex that tends to accelerate the drive to extinction, and may require population and habitat management to be counteracte

Front 54

Knowledge of the natural history and population biology of a species is crucial to its protection, but urgent management decisions often must be made before all of this information is available, or while it is still being gathered.

Back 54

-distribution

-biotic interactions

-morphology

-behavior

-physiology

-demography

-genetics

-distribution

Front 55

ways to manage population numbers?

Back 55

-census

-survey

-demographic studies

Front 56

Dr. Kylmus environmentalDNA study

Back 56

- isolated from samples of lake, pond, or stream water can indi- cate the presence or absence of endangered and inva- sive species that may live there. The technique relies on animals continually releasing small amounts of DNA into the water by sloughing off skin cells and releasing bodily wastes. This eDNA mixes widely in the water where the animals live, and when scientists sample the water they can amplify the tiny concentrations of eDNA and use it to detect the existence of a species.

Field observations and experiments also found that eDNA concentrations correspond to population sizes and persist at detectable levels for just one to two weeks, hinting that the technique may even allow scientists to monitor the abundance of rare aquatic species in real time.

Front 57

PVA: population viability analysis

Back 57

-A can be useful in considering the effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and habitat deterioration on a rare species

- estimating how management efforts such as reducing (or increasing) hunting or increasing (or decreasing) the area of protected habitat will affect the probability of extinction and future changes in population size and area

-A can also model the effects of augmenting a population through the release of additional individuals caught in the wild elsewhere or raised in captivity.

Front 58

Metapopulations:

Back 58

- that is made up of a shifting mosaic of populationslinked by some degree of migration

- destruction of the habitat of one central, core population might result in the extinction of numerous smaller populations that depend on the core population for periodic colo- nization.

Front 59

source populations (core)

Back 59

give and receive

Front 60

Sink population

Back 60

only receive and fluctuate in size with arrivals of immigrants

Front 61

SUMMARY:

Back 61

1. Protecting and managing a rare or endangered species requires a firm grasp of its ecology and its distinctive characteristics, sometimes called its natural history. This essential knowledge covers the species’ environment, distribution, biotic interactions, morphology, physiol- ogy, demography, behavior, genetics, and interactions with people. This information can be obtained from published and unpublished literature or from fieldwork.

2. Long-term monitoring of a species in the field using censuses, surveys, and demographic studies can reveal temporal changes in population size and help to distin- guish short-term fluctuations from long-term decline.

3. Population viability analysis (PVA) uses demographic, genetic, and environmental data to estimate howvarious management actions will affect the probability that a population will persist over time and change in size and area occupied.

4. Some species may be best described as a metapopulation made up of a shifting mosaic of populations linked by some degree of migration. In other species, a metapopulation may be characterized by one or more core populations with relatively stable numbers, linked by dispersal to satellite areas with unstable, temporary populations.

5. Long-term monitoring efforts that include environmental information provide an early-warning system for threats to species, ecosystem characteristics, and human communities.